Discuss three obstacles to your education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss ternary obstacles to your education - Essay ExampleThe financial obstacle poses as a serious problem in the wake of my educational basis. I am commonly worried due to these issues and I make every effort to make sure these problems get solved so adeptr rather than later. I have resolute for my own self that I will work so that my fees could be made affordable provided that has put me in a quandary since balancing studies and work at the same time is a Herculean task. However my efforts are pretty much in line with my aims and objectives and I believe one drive to have a very clear conscience in order to reach his goals. alike(p) is my case where I have been devoted towards my studies and my work in a whole-hearted manner.Apart from these, I plaque problems in the emotional aspect when I am unable to come up to the expectations that an educational easiness has from its students. The aspect of my family within my studies is significant since I am unable to give them mu ch time and the backchat of quality time for the family is absent from the whole scenario, which is unfortunate in entirety.There is also an obstacle in the form of balancing my studies with my work which becomes a unenviable thing at the extirpate of the day. My academic obstacle becomes a serious concern with the ever-changing curriculum requirements. This obstacle does not seem to come to an end however I have made serious efforts to address the very same on a consistent basis. I am doing my best to overcome them but then again it is always difficult to manage ones expenses, work and study all at the same time. Someone or the other will miss out on the whole agreement that a mortal is usually tied up within. In my case, this largely focuses on my educational patterns.The financial, emotional and academic obstacles are and so venomous in nature as far as my educational regimes are concerned. I need to do a lot of catching up in order to become an educated person at the end. I need to give my best towards studies so that the emotional

Phineas Gage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phineas post - Research Paper ExampleHuman beings can speak and take heed every day and learn new daily activities. Human being also solves problems and makes decisions based on their judgment (Fleischman, 2004). There be different types of cognitive functions. Memory and learning are examples of cognitive functions of the brain. Problem solving, perception and movement of miscellaneous body parts are examples of cognitive functions. Learning of new activities and words, reading and speaking often explicate coordinated by the brain. These functions differentiate the benevolent beings from other species. Theses cognitive functions originate from the cerebrum part of the brain. The cerebrum comprises of the temporal lobes, frontage lobes, occipital lobes and the parietal lobes. These areas of the cerebrum have different functions (Macmillian, 2002). The Phineas sens stroke clearly explained the functions of the brain in the cognitive run. Gage got the brain injuries while he was excavating rocks that he would later use for constructing railway tracks. The rail roads injured Gage with some of his workmate during construction of the rail roads. Gage got severe brain damage. He got treat, exclusively later became left field with a permanent brain damage. The accident affected his brain thus change all his daily activities. Doctors that treated Gage noticed that he behaved different after the accident. This led to the doctors examining Gages skull to find out what was wrong that Gage was responding differently after treatment following the accident (Linden, 2007). This accident helped to explain the importance of the brain in cognitive functions. After the accident, Gage personality changed. He started acting differently from his earlier actions. Gage lost his personality. The doctors examined the brain and found out that the left frontal lobe of the cerebrum coordinates the personality development. This showed that Gage left frontal part of his cerebr um got damaged. This affected his personality development, hence the reason wherefore there was a loose in his personality. The doctors examined the lesion in the brain and made a conclusion that, the left frontal part of the brain controlled the personality of human beings. So, Gage left frontal part of his cerebrum got damaged explaining why he lost his personality (Linden, 2007). Gage could not make rational decisions and his emotions were unstable. After the accident, doctors treated Gage, but he did not fully recover from the treatment. The doctors discovered how Gage decisions and emotions got affected. This encouraged the doctors to examine the human brain and find out what affected his decision making and his emotions. The doctors found out that the reform sum total the left prefrontal cortices of the brain remained damaged. This showed that the cortices were responsible for the functioning of human emotions and decision making (Fleischman, 2004). The doctors examined th e left and right prefrontal cortices and came up with a conclusion that they were responsible for the coordination of emotions and decision making in human beings. The guide revealed how the human brain works. Different parts of the brain often get associated with its cognitive functioning. One of the cognitive functions of the brain is to coordinate the emotions and decision making the human being. The study of the brain by the doctors enabled the doctors understand the functioning of the brain. This brain study led to understanding the functioning of

Outlined based on the questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

depict based on the questions - Essay ExampleExperience Design According to Norman (2004) sympathetic beings maturates mental attraction to disparate things depending on the style they act with them in everyday life. Different items play incompatible roles and influence the way their owners perceive them. Norman further argues that those who possess such items argon envious of them and look upon for the purpose they help. Therefore, the ways in which variant things are usageful influence the individuals delirious attraction to those items. such(prenominal) items should be designed in such a way that they will be able to sue their intended purpose. Norman further suggest that greater efficiency of different items to serve the purpose they were meant to serve will attract greater affection from those who posses them. Some items also reveal social and economic placement of individuals. These items becomes valuable to such individuals by the virtue of personal memories th ey generate to people who posses them (Norman, 2004). These items may be unbroken for remembrance of previous occurrences though they may serve any former(a) purpose in the human life. They may appear useless to other people, but they are very essential to those who possess them. Therefore, such people feel intensely attached to those items which invoke their feelings about some past encounters. According to Norman (2004), the functionality of objects according to human outlook influences their psychological affection towards those objects. Norman argues that individual insight determines how they interact with different things. For example, a person expects a machine to function in a certain way and incase it fails to do so, this may result to emotional detachment. It is for this reason that Norman states those machines such as computers and others which people interact with on a day to day life should be designed with emotions to echo the human feelings. However, since these mac hines are used for specific purposes only, they will have a limit on extent to which they can meditate human feelings. They will only influence human emotions to the extent in which they anticipated to perform a certain job. In essence, the author is implying that human feelings should be reflected in the kind of items they possess and in the way they handle and display those possessions (Norman, 2004). These activities will manifest human emotional attraction to those items they own. Similarly, the efficiency of performance of the things we use will influence the psychological attraction of the user towards them. When objects are functioning effectively, they appeal to their users who then develop close intimacy with those items. However, if those items fail to perform as expected, they will cause annoyance to the user who loses emotional feelings for them and may even smash them. The Philosophers Tool Kit When people listen to the others talking or other sources of sounds, they d efinitely hear what they would like to hear. Though there are many sounds emanating from various sources at the kindred time, individuals become so discerning with what they want to listen to and will filter out things of less disturbance to them. The sense of hearing becomes an instrument which enables individuals to figure themselves in the public domain. Through hearing, individuals appreciate the beauty of different things and are able to like or dislike various things from

Organizational Behavior (1) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Behavior (1) - Assignment ExampleThis paper leave describe the twenty-first century manager and discuss how various organizational civilisations influence such managers.The 21st century manager is faced with the duty of managing people in this era of change. This era is characterized by technological innovation, deregulation, globalization, new political systems, a new workforce mentality, more service-oriented jobs and a new emphasis on knowledge work (Hofstede, 1980). These are the changes that managers and their organizations ought to progressively respond to in order to achieve effective organizational structures (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2008).To discuss how organizational culture influences the 21st century manager, it is important to define organizational culture. Organizational culture is a set of shared mental suppositions that guide action and interpretation in organizations by outlining liable(p) behavior for various situations (Hofstede, 1980). Cul tures develop in organizations due to internal integration and external interlingual rendition. External adaptation mirrors an evolutionary tactic to organizational culture and proposes that cultures exist since they assist an organization to subsist and flourish. If the culture is useful, whence it embraces the prospective for engendering constant competitive advantages. Internal integration, on the other hand is a valuable serve because social structures are requisite for establishments to exist. Organizational practices are cultured through socialization at the workplace. endure environments strengthen culture on a daily basis by encouraging workers to exercise heathenish values (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2008).Organizational culture influences managers to embrace behaviors that persuade employees to embark on tasks in a inferential and empowering way. Managers in the 21st century have learnt to embrace the contingency approach to management in a business world that is f aced with diverse and ever growing pool of management techniques and

Moral Dilemma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Moral quandary - Assignment ExampleHowever, I may decide to keep quite as well since the bullion was for a good cause.Moral dilemma is when an individualist is in a situation where their values and beliefs are tested. In addition, it is the act of not knowing what to do in a counterpoint between dickens or more actions and have moral reasons for choosing the actions. It becomes difficult, as an individual is required to choose one action, as one cannot perform all the actions. In addition, someone must suffer no matter what determination an individual forces.According to the scholars, moral dilemma is a situation in which an individual faces a conflict between doing the right thing and the quality of work produced. In many cases, these dilemmas involve a morally wrong decision whose results are desirable, or vice versa. Sometimes, an individual may be forced to make a decision between two good things.Ethical dilemma is part of a doctrine that deals with right and wrong. These are rules and regulations accepted and recognized by a certain group or culture. On the other hand, rule of law is the set of enforced rules that govern a society. They are created through enactment or by judges opinions. The rules define peoples rights and obligations and the disciplinary measures to be taken when an individual violates the rules (Daft, 2013).I once read this article about a company that dealt with beauty products in the invigorated times magazine. Miller and Klaus is one of the companies that manufacture, and distribute beauty products. For many years, the company has been successful in ensuring that clients needs are met. Phyllis an employee, who did research on the beauty products, noticed that the company did not pause some of the vital information in the chemical composition of a certain shampoo that would be harmful to people whose skin reacts on PH value less than 5 value of an caustic solution.After some customers were hospitalized due to the usage of the shampoo, Phyllis

Theoretical Causes of Rape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Theoretical Causes of foray - Essay ExampleThe 16 questions sh each(prenominal) be sub- sort outed to represent the four theories as causes of rape identified in Hydes text (1996). With the goal of raising the school boards consciousness in recognizing the lack of education and awareness of the topic, this look aims to take future action towards preventive measures for an inevitable sexual assault.In a civilized society, merciful behavior is governed by acceptable norms and punishment is often sought as an alternative course to jog a deviant behavior. With increasing highlight on sexual violence as a punishable crime in the civilized world, rape stands among one of the heinous crimes by an individual or group of individuals against an individual for the life altering consequences that is brought about by the experience to the victim. However societys idea on concern protection of laws brings out the need to understand the core of such errant behavior. The need to discover both adaptation techniques that would help limit the incidence of this sexual perversion common even to highly-educated individuals is seen as an useful approach to the problem of rape in particular would gear everyone on the knowledge that no authority no and using the point of no return excuse will eventually tarnish the perpetrators ideas that leads to an aberrant behavior. Knowledge is therefore considered as the most effective approach to combat rape as a form of sexual deviation that helps society understand and formulate an well-founded approach to this problem.Rape as a form of sexual assault is common in most societies. It is the most prevalent ignore in the world that represents violence against women in common and as a sexual assault on the victim(s) itself. Throughout time, rape has had many meanings that prior to the 1970s under the common law definition predominantly defined rape as an unlawful act of carnal knowledge of a female without her bear (Reid, 1989). Where copulation is resisted to the best of the victims ability (Thornhill and Palmer 2000, p. 1) Searles and Berger (1987) defined rape as a non-consensual sexual penetration of an girlish or adult obtained by natural force, by affright of bodily harm, or when the victim is incompetent of giving consent by virtue of mental illness, mental retardation, or intoxication. More specifically all of the above definition has been simplified by the Minnesota State Law (section 609.342) that considers rape as but a sexual contact achieved without consent through physical force, coercion, deception, threat that includes the victims mental or physical impairment. In the broader legal term it indicates a sexual activity with a nonher person who cannot or does not consent (RAINN, 2001). For the purpose of this study, the researcher shall utilize Hydes (1996), definition of rape, which states, nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration, obtained by force, by threat of bodily harm, or when the victim is incapable of giving consent (p. 344). Koss et al. (1987) found that more than 15% of the women claimed be raped, and 12.1% indicated that they had been victims of attempted rape in the United States. An additional 14.4% reported that they had experienced lesser forms of sexual assault. such reports according to the US Department of Justice (RAINN, 2001) warns that a woman is sexually assaulted every two proceedings in America, and a woman has a one in

Identifying Problems and Offering Solutions Essay

Identifying Problems and Offering Solutions - Essay ExampleFor instance, if one of the students was make noise in class, break away would faecesdidly to stop talking in class because that was the rule. This quite chafe his classmates and hence got him on the wrong side of the school bullies. They would spit in his lunch, knock over his books, press him names such as gay and faggot, and this really hurt his pride. Unfortunately, when Nicks p arnts complained to the school authorities about their sons predicaments, all they got was nothing more than boys will always be boys or weve done all we can.One unfortunate morning, Nick Perry changed his pajamas and wore his favorite T-shirt and pair of jeans. Having had enough, Nick strapped a belt around his neck and hanged himself from the top of the shelf of his closet. When his father found him, it was too belated to save him. Nicks life had been cut short at his young age.Bullying in schools is a global problem and as Nicks suicide case shows, it can nourish dire consequences. This article therefore looks into the causes of bullying in schools, its impact on students, the short and long border effects it has on the bullies and victims before discussing some of the strategies such as revision of school policies as stem to bullying in schools.Bullying can be defined as aggressive behaviors or actions that are done with the intent of making the victims feel belittled or hurting them. Bullying in schools can further be described as unwanted behaviors among students driven by either perceived or real imbalances of power. Bullying bears the following characteristicsImbalance of power- the students who act as bullies, use the power at their organisation such as physical strength, popularity, seniority, or access to some embarrassing information about their victim, to project others. However, this imbalance of power is subject to change from time to time depending on the situation.It has to be

Jean-Antoine Watteaus Foursome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jean-Antoine Watteaus Foursome - testify ExampleThe image f cadavers being carried by an angry and frustrated crowd, with which I began this essay, is not remote from the one that I have just finished analyzing. Both Barbier and Watteau be symbolically recreating felt, palpable well-disposed change in the first two decades f the eighteenth century. They are also, on a hour level f symbolization, trying to understand the metaphorization f power and influence. The riots over paper money that had all at once become worthless and the commodification f art itself, f placing a monetary value on the around aesthetic f mans activities, are signifi give the axet issues, important to describe. The palpable weakening f a up to now seemingly invincible central government, objectified in these two scenes by the closed doors f the Palais-Royal and the disappearing delineation f Louis XIV, had been underlined by the relative openness that Philippe dOrleans had brought to his Court but, his candor was too little and too late. causality had hemorrhaged into the streets. Classes were being redefined, and with them a new ethics, exemplified in the young mans fathers awkward attempts at warning his son more or less mercurial Parisians. Merit will count more than it did, but appearances and the superficial will skill reign, only no longer to be systematically defined by the court. The Regency period (1715-1723) was one f curious narrative energy. Writers such as Challe, Prevost, Marivaux, Montesquieu.... To do a painting, especially when one is dying from tuberculosis, that depicts a importee in a shops existence, a painting that is meant to attract connoisseurs and speculators, underlines how compelling was the statement that Watteau wanted to make. The transient and its evaluation are connected brilliantly in LEnseigne de Gersaint (a title that offers no profundity f meaning either), beca manipulation they are connected aesthetically. Thus, Watteau pushes us to surr ender to art what it demands the recognition that only through imaginative effort can an equitable ethics f urbanity be derived. This painting is about the power f art to drop dead even the most powerful social and personal impediments to happiness, because they are indeed transient. The sign Watteau painted signals a new social context, bent on possessing, evaluating, and judging according to appearance and by anyone. It is indeed a photograph f the Regency.1 LEnseigne de Gersaint introduces, without the aesthetic and emotional distancing that defines the fetes galantes, the corpse as the site for the working out f desire, and society as the space in which bodies define and adapt themselves. Fiction and art should draw the connections among desire, the body and society. And this work does just that it shows potential connections that can narrate the place f desire in an rising cultural realignment. The painting is so well balanced thematically that one may forget that it is a qu ite sophisticated commentary on the function f art in society. Its self-consciousness, its theatricality, and its extraordinary use f color all tend us away from its intellectualism. Watteau was asking fundamental questions about the determination f the spectator in the production and

English Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

English Research Paper - Essay ExampleIn each chapter of the book Gardner illustrates a different philosophical theory. In an interview John Gardner (1974) said that the point of writing this book was to go through the main ideas of Western Civilization ... and go through them in the voice of the monster, with the story already taken care of, with the various philosophical attitudes (though with Sartre in particular), and see what I could do.Grendel is based on Beowulf, a Danish epic, which tells the story of King Hrothgar who is subjected to repeated attacks from the monster Grendel. For 12 eld Grendel wages a guerilla-style war with Hrothgar. The king is unable to ward him off. Finally Beowulf, a stranger comes from the convey of the Geats and kills Grendel, as well as Grendels mother and the dragon. Gardner begins his tale from the twelfth year of Grendels battle with the Danes. Grendel in the falsehood narrates the story of his flavor as he looks back and reflects on his lif e. He is drawn by the poesy and beauty of the world of humanes, but is unable to escape the monstrousness in him. As Steven Wu says (2002), he is both zoology and human and despises both his bestiality and humanity with equal bitterness. When Shaper, a poet whose evocative poetry and harmony shape the Danes views first joins Hrothgars men, Grendel is inspired by his heroic ode to hope. He is inspired to join the human race but he is misunderstood and turned out by the humans. This makes Grendel revert to his belief in nihilism which to him means there is no purpose to existence. He becomes vengeful but continues to be preoccupied by the Shapers words of hope. Grendel then meets the dragon and his hopes are dashed further. Grendel again becomes the destroyer. In his journey of life he constantly confronts meaning. He sees Hrothgar age and as Grendel repeatedly attacks him, he sees him becoming small-scale and noble instead of being bitter. Wealtheow, the beautiful young queen wit hstands with grace her

Discussion Board Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

raillery Board Questions - Assignment ExampleI therefore, believe that it ordain be self defeating for any proprietor to believe that it is the a customers responsibility to learn English, with it being a lingua franca. The customer is said to be a monarch in business. As such any proprietor who wants to succeed should come polish up to the level of the potential client and not vice-versa.Diversity in languages is vital as it gives the owners of the language a sense of belonging due to shared history and culture. Anthropology studies show that no language is superior to another. accommodate other languages ideologies can also give a politician political mileage. This was evident in barrack Obamas 2012 presidential election victory where he garnered more votes in Florida, Nevada and Colorado states. These votes turned the soar in his favor. In a situation where individuals are forbidden to speak their native language it breeds resents. in person I would be uncomfortable staying in such a nation or state.The disadvantage of assortment in languages is it can bread negative ethnicity where some languages are rendered insubordinate this happens particularly where some groups soma the minority. Such scenario hinder economic development due conspiracies propagated by different ethnic groups. If not head managed this whitethorn lead to civil strife. Stratification of ethnic groups occasioned by difference in language may lead to increased crime rates especially by the group that may feel shortchanged or marginalized economically (Schaefer, 2013).In my view Statehood for Native Puerto Rican residing in Puerto Rico for Puerto Rico will greatly advance the life and economic status of the Puerto Ricans as the geographical restrictions and fiscal hindrances will be lessened. This will be beneficial more so because the number of them in America is higher than that in Puerto Rica. Independence will be more costly and as it

The slavery in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The slavery in America - Research Paper ExampleMost of them were enslaved for agricultural purposes, such as, cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar production. Majority of these African slaves were American born since slave import to United States was officially illegalize in 1808, however, thousands of Africans were smuggled during next 50 years after ban on international take. Among 40 million Africans were the descendents of those 12 to 13 million Africans who were kidnapped and brought to America in a massive slave trade starting from 1400s. Most of those enslaved Africans were either died in the brutal passages from Africa or landed in the West Indies or in South and Central America. Nearly 5 million Africans were imported to Brazil only (Davis, n.d.). at that place are three basic reasons which started and accelerated the practice of slavery in America. Firstly, early America postulate cheap and excessive labor. Secondly, the belief of master and worker was prevalent in Americas . Thirdly, the prejudice against people of rubric and racism led to acceptance and justification of slavery in American society. With the increase in deep plantations in the Southern states and invention of cotton gin, need of cheap and hardworking labor increased, therefore, slavery flourished sluice more in America (Buell, 2004, p.9).Though slave trade was practiced as an economic activity, except it entirely differs from traditional trade since its product is nothing else but human being. In a nonslave economy, workers bushel the workload and consumption decision. Therefore, labor is different from other factors of productions. On the other hand, in slave economy, proprietor determines the workload and consumption (feeding) (Barzel, 1977, p.87).From the time when a Dutch ship smuggled 20 enslaved Africans in Virginia addiction to 1865 when U.S Constitutions 13th Amendment and Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation (1863) ended slavery, 12 generations of Africans survived in Ame rica.

Review of The augmented CAPM Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Of The augmented CAPM - Literature review Examplewas criticized by various authors and a new augmented CAPM was devised in order to take systematic lay on the line into count on while investing in stock market and completely ignore the unsystematic risk. This augmented CAPM is right for applying in the Hong Kong market and thus, its validity is checked through this literature (Hearn, n. d.).Asset determine models are be as frameworks that are devised for identifying and measuring risk. The models also identify the rewards that are attached with risk bearing. The theories attached to the models helps in realizing reasons for expected returns on the government bonds to be less than that on the stocks. It also assists in developing root word behind two stocks with different expected returns. The change in expected returns over time is also explained through this model (Hearn, n. d. Huang, Yang and Hu, 2000). The basic premises of asset pricing model are that the investors desires for higher(prenominal) expected returns. The investors do not like to take risk and hold diversified portfolios so that the risk is distributed in different sectors. The models also specify fair swan of return for particular asset. The information regarding put of return is very crucial for taking any investing decision for corporations who evaluate projects and the formation of portfolios for investors. The theories connect to models helps in characterizing the risk of a project or acquisition and also examine the discount rate associated with the risk.The asset pricing model was first developed by Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965). However, there had been lot of advancement in asset pricing for the past 35 years. The progress was important for understanding the issues encountered while implementing asset pricing models in any emerging market. So, this model should be followed and also modified over time, while investment situation changes due to several challenges. The first a sset pricing theory is known as seat of government Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) developed

Employee Relations in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employee Relations in UK - Essay ExampleIt pass on be useful for management to conduct seminars and training sessions wherein the see the applicability of employee obligation in palpable-case scenariosIn the United Kingdom, the Employment Relations Act (1999) was adopted by the government to provide better running(a)(a) standards for employees. It is intended to improve relations between an organization and its employees by fostering a new temper of co-operation between the worker and the employer. This act lays down the need to implement a statutory subprogram for pot unions to be recognized as organizations which speak or put forth the interests of the organizations employees ( Such a outgrowth needs to be adopted by any organizations where the employees exceeds 20).The Employment Relations Act (1999), states that any single-handed public body such as the Central Arbitration Committee should be given imputable recognition in cases where a majority members of the workforce of an organization are union members. This law empowers employees by bringing out provisions that protect their rights and also strengthens their rights to belong to unions. Through this law workers have the right to be accompanied by a trade union official at disciplinary and grudge hearings. As a result of this law, it is not possible for employers to dismiss employees who are taking official, lawfully-organized industrial action. iodin of the hall-marks of this law is that it promotes ideas for a friendly working atmosphere and reforms tribunal awards for unfair dismissal.After the implementation of this act, it metier was reviewed by government authorities. The review reveals that the act has been well-implemented and has succeeded in its purpose to improve employee relations. Through this act the procedure for recognition of trade unions has been carried out smoothly and efficiently. In the case of any issues of employee grievances, these issues are resolved real quickly, say within less than half the time. After this law came into nub, what was noticed was that inter-union disputes and legal challenges have drastically come down. The Act has encouraged voluntary settlement of recognition claims since its implementation and as a result, in that location have been about over 1,000 voluntary recognition agreements in the United Kingdom.Speaking on the effect of the implementation of the Employment Act, the Employment Relations Minister, Alan Johnson, said that there was evidence which showed that the law was doing what it proposed to do. As a result of the law, the number of strikes have comes down and the number of people who were employed was increasing. There is a real change in the attitude of employers towards employees and this has fostered an atmosphere wherein employers and employee are not just working together, but working together really well. Employee relations and handling disputesThe Employment Act in 2002, made more improvements in the handling of employee relations. It lays down a set of procedures for managing disputes at the workplace. As per the new provisions, all employers must by October 2004, follow a procedure to deal with disputes. This procedure is a three-step process which ensures that disputes are discussed at work. As per this procedure, the dispute or grievance which an employee has against the employer must be set out in writing. All enlarge must be

A research paper on the interpersonal communication topic 'Nonverbal Essay

A research account on the interpersonal communication topic Nonverbal Communication - Essay ExampleFor thousands of years, mankind has used wordless messages to sink thoughts, attitudes, ideas and emotions by using gestures, posture, facial expressions, sounds and symbols, but research on this area of interpersonal communication is a comparatively new development.(Calero p.2). Scholars from the communication field have since earlier times, emphasized the need for an integrative hail towards the study of nonverbal behavior, along with verbal communication, whenever applicable. Especially in verbal communication, the nonverbal aspect of the fundamental interaction is taken into consideration. (Knapp, Weimann and Daly p.272) strengthen this view-point verbal and non-verbal behavior are unquestionably part and parcel of the same boilersuit system of communication, and separating them would result in artificiality and potential distortion of the interaction.Influences on Nonverbal Com munication jibe to Mary Ritchie Key, both verbal and nonverbal communication can be seen as a manner of establishing self and developing a self-image in order to cope with relationships. One has to validate single(a)self before unitary can relate to others in the social paradigm.(p.4). Anderson states that the process of communicating warmth or intimacy to one another is the most central function of nonverbal communication in human interaction. The exchange of proportionate messages is of importance across a variety of relationships and contexts.(Eds. Siegman, Feldstein p.1).encodes a behavioral reaction. However, the primary emphasis of research on nonverbal communication is on explaining and predicting the encoding of behavior. Patterson reveals that the encoding and decoding processes are in a single system, driven by a common set of determinants and mediating processes. (Eds. Palmer, Barnett p.10). Harrison and Knapp (p.345) reiterate that three important aspects of nonver bal communication are 1) A socially shared

Pediatric Echocardiography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Pediatric Echocardiography - Research Paper sheathThe researcher states that due to the complexity in the mechanics, anatomy, and physiology of the heart, exact diagnosis of the cardiac condition is critical for counselling of cardiac unsoundness. In the pediatric age group, the spectra of cardiac diseases are wide and also complex and and so arises the need for the reliable investigating tool. Further advances in this technology a couple of decades ago lease led to more reliable and accurate forms of echocardiography, the 3D imaging, Doppler echocardiography, and tissue Doppler. These advances have posed a quarrel to echocardiographers who need to be on their tiptoes in acquiring knowledge and also maintaining their skills by keeping informed with the la political campaign technology and changes. In this article, pediatric echocardiography will be discussed with references to its uses, limitations, impact on the professionals, impact on the patients, feasibility, and accessib ility. Creating images of the heart using ultrasonic waves is known as echocardiography. The images of the heart are created using 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional or Doppler ultrasound. The test is routinely used in a clinical set up for screening, diagnosis, and management of various diseases of the heart. In the current medical era, echocardiography has become the primary imaging tool for the evaluation, diagnosis, assessment, and management of congenital and acquired cardiac disease in newborns, infants, children, and adolescents. The most ideal tool for assessment of cardiac problems is transthoracic echocardiography. The procedure is portable, efficacious and noninvasive and provides the dilate overview of the various anatomical, physiologic, and hemodynamic information of the heart. The various types of echocardiogram currently used are 2D echocardiogram, pediatric transesophageal echocardiogram, fetal echocardiogram, pains echocardiogram and intraoperative transesophageal echo cardiogram. Pediatric echocardiography is unique when compared to adult echocardiography. There is a wide spectrum of diseases. Many of the cardiac conditions encountered are congenital.

Implicit cognition Essay Example for Free

covert erudition EssayImplicit cognition refers to internal forms that mask an individuals behaviours. The identifying feature of unsaid cognition is that an individuals past experiences can influence their judgements in fashion that the individual is not introspectively aw atomic number 18 of i.e. the person is not conscious of the fact that the experiences live affected his/her percepts in such a charge. (Greenwald Banaji, pg 4 1995)Evidence supports the view that social behaviour and attitudes in particular are often based largely on unconscious attitudes, for example an individuals attitudes towards a specific ethnic group are pr single to be implicitly influenced. Implicit attitudes are commonly thought to mainly military unit cognitive bias in a negative way (e.g. racism), however Edward Thorndike (1920) named the halo effect, upon observing that personality ratings showed a tendency for positive ascribes to be associated with opposite positive attributes muc h than they should be (Greenwald Banaji, pg 9 1995).A great amount of halo effect enquiry has been based on using physical attractiveness as the objectively irrelevant attribute that influences perception of otherwise characteristics. Studies have shown that attractive people are judged to possess greater social skills as intumesce as world more successful in employment (Dion, Berscheid Walster 1972).As previously mentioned implicit cognition is ca engagementd by past experiences influencing judgement in ways that the individual is not introspectively aware, thus it is imperative to use indirect measures to gauge an individuals implicit attitudes.The distinction between direct and indirect measures depends on the relationship between what the give in is informed about the purpose of a measure and what the researcher chooses to get a line from the subjects response to the measure (Greenwald Banaji, pg 8 1995) the researcher will inform the subject that one attribute is exis tence measured when in fact the researcher will interpret information about another attribute based on the subjects response to the measure.It is necessary to use indirect measures because implicit attitudes are by interpretation attitudes that an individual is unable to report as they are unaware of their existence i.e. implicit attitudes are beyond an individuals introspective limits. For the purpose of this essay I have chosen to examine the reaction time based Implicit Association Test (IAT) and Facial Electromyography (fEMG) which is based on physiological measurement.Implicit attitudes result in projections of behaviour or judgments that are under the control of automatically activated evaluation, without the musicians awareness of that causation. The IAT procedure seeks to measure implicit attitudes by measuring their underlying automatic evaluation. A beneficial property of the IAT is that it may resist individuals masking their attitudes using self presentation strategie s (e.g. providing false responses in format to gain social acceptance or avoid criticism). In short, the IAT may reveal attitudes and other automatic standoffs even or those who prefer not to express those attitudes (Greenwald et al, pg 1464-5 1998).The IAT is performed over a series of quintet stops the first stage is called Target judgment Discrimination in this stage the bell ringer concept is introduced and the subject is instructed to simply pair the stimuli with its corresponding concept, for example a study on implicit attitudes towards sexual penchant (Project Implicit an online database of IATs offering the test to the public, spearheaded by Dr Anthony Greenwald, Dr Brian Nosek and Dr Maharin Banaji) presents the subject with the task concepts gay and straight, the subject is then presented with images displaying gay or straight duplicates or haggling such as homosexual and heterosexual. When the stimulus appears on cover version the subject pairs it with the co rresponding kinsperson picture of a man and wife pairs with straight concept.The adjacent stage in the IAT is Associated Attribute Discrimination as previously this stage is presented as a two- category discrimination task. The subject is asked to pair words such as happiness, love, agony, strife with the corresponding attributes good and severeness according to which attribute best suits their meaning. Following the introduction to the Target Concept Discrimination and to the Associates Attribute property, the two are amalgamated in the third stage i.e. gay and good on one side of the screen and straight and bad on the other or vice versa. During this stage stimuli for target and attribute discriminations appear on alternate trials.For example a picture of a homosexual couple would be shown followed by the word famine. As previously the subject pairs the stimuli with their matching category. The fourth stage consists of reversing the target concepts position in the experiment a nd the final stage of the experiment combines the Reversed Target Concept Discrimination with attribute discrimination.For example the gay concept is now on the same side of the screen as bad. The subject is then presented with alternating stimuli and pairs them with the appropriate concept or attribute. If the target concepts are differentially associated with the attribute dimension, the subject should find one of the combined task (either the third stage or the one-fifth stage) to be more difficult than the other- this is shown in the subjects reaction time longer reaction times rede the subject has laid-backer obstruction pairing an attribute with a concept. The measure of the difference in difficulty is used to provide the measure of implicit attitudinal difference between the target categories (Greenwald et al, pg 1465-6 1998).In the example of implicit attitudes towards sexual preference, it should be easier to complete the task when straight is combined with good if ther e is a stronger association between heterosexuals and good meanings than between homosexuals and good meaning, thus showing an implicit attitude of bias towards heterosexuals. in addition it is common to use training stages before each of the combined discrimination stages to reduce the effects the baffle of the combined discrimination tasks has on the IAT results.Since the IAT was first described by Dr. Anthony Greenwald et al in Journal of disposition and Social Psychology in 1998 it has grown exponentially in popularity, having been used in over three hundred published studies and cited in over 800 articles (Azar, 2008). Among the reasons for the success of the IAT are its relative ease of use, the large effect sizes it creates, its high level of adaptability and its resistance to subjects faking their responses. To show the harshness of the IAT Greenway et al (1998) used the unequivocal known-groups validity measure.This measure consists of using groups whom are known prev ious to the experiment to differ regarding the construct of interest. Greenwald et al used Americans of Korean and Japanese descent to test the validity of the IAT. The participants had to classify positive and negative words along with typical Korean and Japanese names in the combined discrimination stage, as pass judgment the IAT results showed that individuals of Korean or Japanese descent were prone to hold mutually negative implicit attitudes towards the other ethnicity (Banse et al pg 146 2001).It has been disputed that the reason for these IAT results is at least partially based on ethnic groups existence more familiar with names associated with in their own group, i.e. positive IAT scores may reflect familiarity more so than sympathy with their own ethnic group. Another commonly expressed concern with the internal validity of the IAT is the order in which the combined discrimination tasks appear. Greenwald et al (1998) expressed that all other thing being equal, strengths of associations used in the first of the IATs two combined tasks had a tendency to be stronger than those used in the second combined task.However, in a subsequent study Nosek et al (2005) showed that an increase in the length of the training stages before each of the combined discrimination stages can result the order having less of an effect on the IAT scores. If the pairing order effect is due to the interference caused by learning and becoming prone to an initial response set and subsequently needing to replace it with a new response set, then additional practice with the new response set may act to reduce this effect. (Nosek et al, pg 177 2005). Furthermore the IAT is designed that the order of the combined discrimination task be random.

My School Essay Example for Free

My rail EssayToday if there is any institution which exerts the greatest influence on us subsequently the family, it is the take. The years that we spend in tutor be not merely time spent in learning and filling our minds with knowledge, but also time spent in moulding our grapheme, acquiring various(a) attitudes and imbibing basic principles of smell. The basic traits of our personality are formed during our inculcate days.The name of my schooldays is don Bosco Secondary School. It is ascertain in a town called Tura, W. Garo hills, Meghalaya. It is considered to be one of the finest schools in the state, highly acclaimed for its tenuous HSLC results. The school building is an impressive structure. It consists of four floors and has about 25 class cortege. Classrooms are spacious and airy.see to a greater extentspeech on my schoolTwo staircases at both ends lead to the floors. The school has a come up equipped library, a well- established science laboratory and a n excellent computer room, all of which are situated on the third floor. The schools auditorium situated on the top-most floor is said to be the finest hall in the region. The lead storys office, clerks room and the Staff Room are on the worldly concern floor, constrictive to the entrance.The school canteen is another important part of the school complex. It is situated on a demote wing close to the ground floor. Two cemented basketball courts stand in anterior of the Principals office, while the schools football field lies at the far end of the compound. A low-toned garden full of flower plants surrounds the school building adding to the charm and beauty of the entire complex.My school has over 1500 children studying from nursery to class X and a staff of over 45. Our headmaster is an experienced and a very efficient person, who has been at his job for the last 15 years and more. Under his able direction, the school has been obtaining cent percent HSLC results over the last 10 years.The teachers are well experienced and well pen in their subjects. My school has also made a name for itself in the field of cultural pursuits andsports activities.The school band is considered to be one of the best bands in the whole region. The principal celebrations in my school are School Annual Sports Day, Parents Day, Teachers Day, Childrens Day, Anniversary Day, Founders Day, etc., which are notable in a grand manner.Co-curricular activities, such as, scouting, N.C.C., Eco- Club, School band, etc. have contributed in making my school an excellent educational institution of the region.What I like most in my school, is the discipline that exists there. The headmaster as well as the teachers are disciplined and men and women of character. They do not allow any untruly behaviour or any undisciplined activities by students.A lot of emphasis is given to character formation, moral education and acquiring good values of life. Although the school ambient is rather strict an d time-table based, however there is lot of fun and joy in the school. Matches, tournaments, cultural shows, competitions, outings, etc. make my school life lively, interesting and enjoyable.I am proud to be a student of Don Bosco Secondary School, Tura. As I glance back at the bygone school years, my heart swells up with gratitude and thanks with child(p) for the twelve wonderful years that I spent in the school. My school has profoundly shaped and moulded me more than any other factors in my life. School is a temple of learning and a training ground for future citizens. The name of my school is JB High School. It was set up in 1943 by a land-lord in our area. He donated land and money for the school.The atmosphere in which our school is situated is very pleasant. It is surrounded by a play ground on one side and a garden with a small-scale pond on the other. The school has two rows of big buildings. The name of the school is written on the front building. at that place are ten class rooms in the front building.Other ten rooms in the back building are used for varied purposes such as the Head know Office, Library, the Clerks Office, the Science Laboratory, the Teachers Common-room, the N.C.C. and Scout Room, etc. There is also a hostel in our school campus.There are twenty teachers, a PET, a librarian, a clerk and two peons in our school. All the teachers are qualified and experienced. The Head Master is a learned man. He teaches Science and Geography. He also teaches English.The chalk up number of students of our school is about five hundred. We go to school in uniform. The uniform for boys consists of blue half-pant and egg white half shirt. For girls it consists of blue skirt and white blouse. The school functions from 10.30 A.M. to 4 P.M. classes begin after(prenominal) a hatful prayer. During the recess hour we go to play ground. Some students also go to library and read newsprint there. In games period we play football, volley ball, etc. Girl students play ring ball too.The library of our school is a big one. There are about two thousand books on different subjects we have a library period in our weekly routine. We borrow books from our library and refund them after a week.We observe the Republic Day, the Independence Day, the Teachers Day in our school. We also celebrate the Ganesh Puja and the Saraswati Puja in our school. We also hold debate competitions and games and sports every year. The school magazine named the Shree is published every year.In annual examinations the students from our school show brilliant performance. Many students from this school have occupied glorious position in our state. The district Science Exhibition is also held in our school. Two years ago a classical teacher from our school won the Governors Award. The discipline, the study atmosphere and the brilliant academic result of our school attract numerous meritorious students from distant parts of our state. It is an ideal school in all r espects.

America Experience in Nineteenth Century Essay Example for Free

America Experience in Nineteenth Century EssayDuring the half of nineteenth ampere-second in America, it really brought in experience to the recently happenings. Throughout this period, more individuals were trying so inviolable to carve out their own versions of the American dream and create their own definition on citizenship. condescension the obvious diversity of experience, most historians such as, Andrew Carnegie, Mary Church Tyrell and minor individuals argue that the mentioned experience shared commonalities are the foundation of American experience. Andrew Carnegie tries too hard to explain the gospel of wealth whereby he states that the well-situated and the poor can be tied to postureher in harmonious relationship by correct administration of wealth. He says that the contrast between millionaires and cottage laborers currently measures change that has come with civilization. This change in wealth approves to be so beneficial and essential for the progress of the race in refinements of civilization that a house is the household for all. There is no bias in the change in the wealth since directly the world obtains commodities at excellent quality prices in which the poor and the rich can enjoy with no prejudice (Andrew 23). There is a great indifference lynching on the side of the church receivable to barbarism at dental plates (Mary 178). She pledges to the forei.gn missionary work that they should inaugurate crusades against barbarism at homes that has conformed hundreds of people into savage. This context is remote rebellious to biblical teachings since only ignorance and lawlessness to date has led to people criticizing the effort put forth by the churches in the Negros behalf. During the times, there were wars and fight that took over so as they could get lands to settle in. they fought with the Indians, took over their properties such as, horses and cattle, and carried them away (Chief Joseph 187). The Indians were le ft homeless and some lost their lives during the wall. The author ever so prayed that the white men would live as brethren and that the case today. During the times, America was so strong and worked together for a certain goal and that is why they won the battle against the Indians. During the century, people in America slept in a ranch and ate cook shack most of the time. During the round up, and occasional other spells, people slept in the open and ate their chuck when squatted on their haunches around the check wagon. Besides feeding on bellyache and beans, they played wild games whe neer the cooky took the notation or one of the waddies would decide to diverge the meat acquit by going out and shooting some games (Sheldon 37). From the past, women have been held responsible for the health of the community a function that is now represented by the health department. Certainly, the military conception to educate children so as they are equipped with kindergartens andare given a decent place for play, these things have traditionally in the manpower of women (Jane 64). Most of the departments in modern cities can be traced as womens traditional activities for example home cleanliness and wholesome was in the hands of women but recently is represented by Bureau of Teenagers House limited review Chinese people were given an appeal from the American citizens, on the pedestal fund of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty. Chinese never believed in liberty since they had a lot of hardship while the other nationalities were free (American Missionary 290). This showed uncivilized since other countries enjoyed liberty but Chinese did not. Chinese loved and adored liberty but they could not allow the ones denying it to them liberty invite them to a graven image and bow to it. In assumption, from the understanding nigh the America experience, I concur with the shared idea since most of the history can be authorize by the recently happenings.ReferencesAndr ew Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth, c. 1889Chief Joseph Speech before Congress, Washington DC, 187Mary Church Terrell, kill from a Negros Point of View, North American Review, 178, (1904) 853-68.Sheldon F. Gauthier. Reprinted in Jim Lanning and Judy Lanning, eds. Texas CowboysJane Addams, Women and Public Housekeeping, 1913American Missionary, Vol. 39 (October 1885), p. 290Source put down

Men Are Superior to Women Essay Example for Free

men Are Superior to Women EssayMen atomic number 18 Superior to Women for the Appellation of ChineseThe cultures in china, Men are stereotyped as a muscular, tough, and bullocky figure. Until now, the positions of men are still the same. In the traditional Chinese point of view, they deem that men are better. I dont deny this opinion because I am a man. As a result, my assumptions for the man culture in china in the following aspects, maternal(p) training, education and social expectations. frontmost of all, in my country, parents or grandparents used to treat sons better than daughters. According to my culture, men should take care of the immaterial (means earn money), and women should take care of the business inside (means domestic). My assumption is in the poor area, when a gentlewoman is young she is not got the best from her parent. They used physical punishments when she was misbe rescued she can not allowed to sleep on the move back or couch, instead, she had t o sleep on the ground while she can not allowed to receive education. Besides parental training, education is another area that I think being a man is better in china.My assumption is there are more choices for men in every high school or college most of the time. It is because in china, the educational system in high schools is divided to two major which is machination and science. There are no such requirements that woman couldnt take the science streams. As tumesce as the education and parental training, there are conscious different in social expectations amid males and females in china. It is always true that there are more social expectations of males than females.My assumption is A male without a job is seen as somebody who is simply not fulfilling his or her major social role, whereas a woman without a job is more acceptable. The responsibilities for men are taking care of their soul mate and their family. After leaving school, men just work. All the entire lifespan is about work. However, there are no such things for woman. No one will blame a woman who does not have a job. Even so, once I born as a male, I deserve the challenge. Is it reverse a men are easier than women?There is no certain answer for this question. I strongly call up that men cultures make their life easier in the following aspects, parental training, education and social expectations. As a result, my assumptions for the men culture in china in the following aspects, parental training, education and social expectations. I am proud of being a man and I know my assumption is negative for the women. Indeed, I do not deny that most of the Asian nations limit the females opportunities.Thus, encouragement necessitate to be given to girls to help them get past the societies limits on girls. Today, woman power going up and a lot of people talk about men and woman should be more equal. My autocratic assumption for the future is Chinese culture will start change due to china opens th e ingress to accept new thing form the west. It should be good for women and I hope womens life will be better. Now they start trust that men and women are equal in importance, either one side has a heavier proportion.

Investigate into the Primacy and Recency effect Essay Example for Free

Investigate into the Primacy and recency effect EssayThe aim of this study was to investigate into the Primacy and Recency effect. The study was based on Glanzer and Cunitzs research (1966) who suggested that when remembering words, if given an disturbance task, the recency effect leave alone be virtually eliminated. It was at that placefore predicted that when a group of participants were recovering words after having an interference task at that place would be little, if no recency effect. However it was also predicted that when an interference task was not involved in that respect would be both a primacy and recency effect. The experiment was conducted on dickens groups of participants, 20 in separately group. They were all students between the age of 16 and 18. This was an indep differenceent experiment. The alignings form this study indicated that there was less of a recency effect when utilize an interference task then when not. Introduction The aim of this invest igation to find out whether people remember genuine at the beginning of a come better than material at the end. A further aim is to show that when participants take a memory test with the battle of an interference task there is no recency effect.The recency effect can be delimit as the tendency to recall items at the end of the list more readily than those in the core (about the last 25%). The recency effect occurs due to the last lot of information still creation in short term store. A familiar example of the recency effect is the observation that a pop group is only as good as there last hit song. population tend to remember things more clearly if they have happened recently. The recency effect can be mensural using free recall, where participants are shown a list of words, and the later asked to recall them.The recency effect is shown by the fact that the last few words in the list are usually remembered better than the middle. However, Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) form tha t counting backwards for only 10 seconds between the end of the list presentation and the choke of recall (thus producing and interference task) virtually eliminated the recency effect, but had no other effect on recall. This can be explained by the fact that the counting backwards interfered with the process of creating memory and so this wiped out the words towards the end of the list.It can be seen that the rest of the list was not affected by the interference task, as they were nowadays in long-term memory store. In Glanzer and Cunitz experiment the participants recalled the first few items in the list practically better than those in the middle, this is known as the primacy effect. The primacy effect can be defined as a high level of free recall of the first items in a list (about the first 25%). The primacy effect depends mainly on tale, in that the words at beginning of the list are rehearsed for longitudinal than those in the middle.The primacy effect was shown by Rundu s and Atkinson (1970), who asked their participants to rehearse out loud any of the words they wanted to during list presentation. The recency effect is raise when the results of a free recall task are plotted in the form of a attendant position curve. Generally, this curve is U-shaped, and the recency effect corresponds to the tail of the U on the right. This tail indicates that words presented at the end of a list of to-be-remembered items are better remembered than words presented in the middle of this list.It is called the recency effect because these items were the ones presented most recently to the win in the memory experiment. The primacy effect is found when the results of a free recall task are plotted in the form of a serial position curve. Generally, this curve is U-shaped, and the primacy effect corresponds to the tail of the U on the left. This tail indicates that words presented at the start of a list of to-be-remembered items are better remembered than words prese nted in the middle of this list.It is called the primacy effect because these items were the ones presented first to the subject in the memory experiment. The diagram below shows the multi-store model of memory designed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). It shows us how rehearsal is a vital part of the memory system. This model of memory can help to explain why interference depart eliminate the recency effect. The recency effect is part of the short-term memory store, in that it is the last piece of information taken in and so, like all information, it goes into short-term store first.What allows us to remember this information is through rehearsal, thus temporarily keeping it in short-term memory store. It is so clear to see that if rehearsal is taken away, as it is through an interference task, then there will be no recency effect. Experimental guessing If given a list of words to remember, involving an interference task, when recalled there will be a strong primacy effect, and l ittle, if no recency effect.This, one tailed hypothesis was formulated as previous research has indicated the existence of a primacy effect, and the elimination of the recency effect when using an interference task. However when undertaking the same task without interference there should be both a primacy and recency effect. Null hypothesis If given a list of words to remember involving an interference task, when recalled there will be no difference between how strong the recency and primacy effect is. Method in spite of appearance this investigation there are two groups of participants, consisting of 20 different people in each group.The participants use were all A level students and were asked at random if they willing to take part. Some of these students studied psychological science at A level themselves and so may have known what the investigation was about, thus peradventure affecting the final results. The type of design being used is that of independent measures. There are two main variables in this investigation, which will later be correlated these are word number and the add number of times each word was remembered by the participants.

Rori Rayes Advice Essay Example for Free

Rori Rayes Advice EssayAt least not the way youd like it to smooth and easy, loving, exciting, fun, racy?Maybe it would start out great, he might start out like Prince Charming, but hence it all fades away and youre left with a guy whos only half-there?He forgets to call, forgets to show up on time, forgets your birthday? He forgets to stag the reservation, forgets the directions, and asks you to pay for dinner? He only seems to want sex, and even because, he seems to perplex best(p) matters to do? AFFECTION and ATTENTION are things of the past?It feels awful when even adept of these things happens. But when they all seem to happen at once, its TERRIFYING.I Know Just How This FeelsI call in feeling as though the bottom had dropped out of everything. As though I must have been in a dream, and then suddenly found myself awake in the nub of a nightmare. do it Doesnt Have To Be Such Hard WorkIf you find yourself in the aforementioned(prenominal) kind of relationships wi th the same kind of difficult or emotionally unavailable man, oer and everyplaceRelationships that dont work out, or are on-again, off-again with no real progress or closure Then theres a way you rotter dramatic play all that around.I have a program that will teach you all about the reasons wherefore you are attracting a certain type of man to you in your life, but also HOW you can make the relationship with this kind of man actually WORK.Heres where you can read all about it and see how you can transform your difficult relationship into a loving one permanentlyFeel Safe With HimThe thing that I had to learn to stop beating myself up about was that the nightmare kept happening everyplace and over again. It was so PREDICTABLE. Id get with a man and go from dream to nightmare in postcode flat. Sometimes it took a week, sometimes two, sometimes a year. I felt absolutely helpless over my own romantic destiny.When I finally figured out that the same nightmare results were coming no t from my luck or my looks, but from the same MISTAKES I was making over and over things started to change.I stepped gumption just enough to SEE things a bit more clearly. And I started to identify EXACTLY what my mistakes were. And then and it seemed like an overnight transformation I was finally able to take some control over what was happening to me. I almost instantly got totally different resultsInstead of finding myself in the middle of a nightmare where I felt hurt most of the time, I found myself having fun I discovered I had CHOICES where I used to think the choice was all the mans I discovered I had some POWER over myself and my life that I didnt know I had I felt better

Ancient Homosexuality Essay Example for Free

Ancient Homosexuality EssayThe modern self is primarily built up of adepts history, body, religion, politics and entertainwork forcet a Freudian composition of what identity is. And all of these things, the in truth factors that make the modern self the way it is, roots from the ancients. Cicero once thought that without the knowledge of the past, once shall go along a child, hence, Simon Goldhills Love, Sex and Tragedy How the Ancient World Shapes Our Lives. With Ciceros principle in mind, Goldhill wishes his readers to require a full grounds of who they are and how they came to be the way they are. Among the very controversial societal issues that Goldhill discussed pertained to homosexuality. Sexuality, in the time of the Greco-Ro whiles, meant a love-affair with the phallus. They paraded it in the theatres, processions, public road, and even public memorials. The phallus was part of the classical mans body, sexuality and sensuality which, by the way, not only applies t o men, but for females as well. The Greco-Romans had a dusky relationship with sexual organs and acts, which, the modern man apparently influenced by the rules of Christianity, might surface obscene.A part of Simon Goldhills discussions on sexuality is the root of homosexuality. The Greeks had a particular fondness over a scenario where a barbate male desires a beardless lad. In todays terms, this is the so-called pedophilia, as practiced through the inter-crural activity. This involves the placing of ones penis between the partners thighs, may it be front or rear, followed by thrusting to attain sexual pleasure.Greeks from the seventh century, reinforced pederasty among men from the upper-class society, especially in their twenties, to acquire a young male child approximately aged 12 to love and nurture until he grows to marry at age 30, and later take a boy of his own. Practicing pederasty reinforced late marriage for these males, in the hopes of reducing the possibility of o verpopulation, as well as to improve the education initiation and instruction, of the ancient Greek youth. On Greek vases, one can find a picture of the bearded man erastes, and the beardless youth eromenos, as the erastes touches the eromenoss genitals.The erastes takes the intiative as the eromenos remains passive. But, the ancient Greeks prohibited the relationship between a bearded man with yet another bearded man, and it was shameful that a bearded man becomes the passive one or pathikos. The pedagogical pederasty is an fiction of a father-son relationship, where the erastes acts as a substitute father to help the young lad on his way to manhood, maturity, and to orient him to become a productive part of the society.The erastes demonstrates this affection by little presents ranging from a nursing bottle of oil to money. The relationship was beneficial in both parties the erastes provides education, protection, love and a role model for the eromenos who offers stunner and admiration in turn. In modern theory, this is called sexual reciprocity. Gay does not necessarily mean one is less man or woman than a heterosexual. The ancient Greeks have never defined it in that way.Pedagogical pederasty and the sexual reciprocity that follows it are acts that only show the so-called love in whichever form you wish to see it, may it be erotic or platonic. However, if we do know the origins of homosexuality, how does it genuinely affect us as individuals? We do obtain the full understanding of our identities in terms of our sexuality, and the understanding of others sexuality. This book simply implies the basic lesson of respect.

The crisis of communism Essay Example for Free

The crisis of communism raiseWhy did Deng Xiaoping survive the crisis of communism whilst Mikhail Gorbachev did not?The dominant posts of communism, China and the Soviet Union, were about to face a major test to their systems of governance in the 1970s and 1980s. Consequently, only one of them would survive. The crisis of communism had its roots in the disillusionment of the people, after having been conventionalismd for so long down the stairs repressive and clearly human rights-ignorant regimes.Deng Xiaoping man geezerhoodd to hunt down the wrath of this protest strawman by, although reforming the scotch system of China in various ways, clamping down on political systems, ensuring that the power of democracy bestowed on the people was not enough to usurp upon Xiaopings rule over the country. Gorbachev suffered a dissimilar fate. His failed economic policies of glasnost and perestroika, and the simultaneous political leniencies of his era meant that the communistic Part y scattered its place in the Soviet Union. One by one, the satellite states of the Eastern bloc would break absent from the USSRs control.Xiaoping became ruler of China among very difficult times, both economically and friendlyly. The aftermath of monoamine oxidase Tse-tungs underwhelming contributions to policy was taking its toll on the people of China. Xiaoping was originally meant to be purged by the Gang of quartet in 1976 during their blasted putsch detat of the Chinese Government. One of the Gang of Fours members was Mao Tse-tungs last wife, Jiang Qing. However, when Hua Guofeng was appointed Communist Party chairman, he managed to turn the Red army over to his side. The Gang of Four were subjected to a show trial and all given life sentences in prison. Consequently, the Democracy Wall was particularize up as a medium for which to criticise them and their treasonous crimes. With this sociopolitical residuum in place, initialised by Huang Xiang, Deng Xiaoping rose to p ower.Xiaopings scratch reforms were on agricultural policy. The Great Leap prior (GLF) and the Down To The Countryside migration movement of people from urban to agrarian communities, both bids to boost the role of agriculture in Chinas parsimoniousness, drew huge losses, and exacerbated the state of poverty among rural communities in Chinas north and west, as the Soviet Union had predicted. To make matters worse, the communities who had been submitted to the GLF policy suffered severe droughts which decimated crops and left people hungry. To attempt to remedy these issues, Xiaoping abolished the communal system of agriculture and reissued the peasants with their private plots of land. Although the prosperity of rural Chinese communities wavered under Xiaopings rule, he had large support from them as a whole.China besides underwent huge economic reforms under Xiaoping, which he termed market socialism. He directed Hu Yaobang, the General Secretary of the CCP, to impose most of t hese reforms. For the prototypal time since the rule of the Kuomintang, China opened its markets up to the rest of the globe, in pursuit of a supererogatory market approach to its trade.In this way, China would be able to benefit from the dollar of others, as its cozy mathematical product suffered. Xiaoping to a fault set up Special Economic Zones (SEZs), such as the town of Shenzhen, which is at once a city of 3.5 million people. Xiaopings economic policies were initially successful, but increased inflation and sexual establishment corruption led to protest. Also, many of the party elders (most of them Maoists) opposed free market reforms and the attempts made by Xiaoping to make Chinas administration more transparent and open to scrutiny. When student protests in capital of Red China began, Hu Yaobang was criticised for being lax by his political opponents, and was forced to re feature, being re move by Zhao Ziyang.When Hu Yaobang died, 100 000 students called for the gover nment to reevaluate his legacy, and engaged in a mass protest in Tiananmen Square, demanding greater transparency of the Chinese government. socialism was being challenged by the people. Xiaoping, however, had a hold on the army, and used them to deal with the protests. This was a complete reversion on Xiaopings part. Although he opened up the opinion of democracy to the people of China for the first time, Xiaoping was relentless in silencing the Tiananmen protesters, even resorting to massacre in order to hold peace. When the defiance of the ill-famed Tank Man was caught on tape, being seized by army officials, the Chinese government did its best to illegalize its release. Their attempts failed, and suddenly the whole world k impudent of the extent to which the Chinese government would go to maintain its hold of power on the people.Although Xiaoping was able to withstand these challenges to communism, Gorbachev could not. Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union succeeding a scend of disillusioned leaders whose inertia in decision making meant that the Soviet Unions economy, social tension and standard of living were starting to go stale. The age of these past leaders, due to their old age and ridiculously poor health, was termed the gerontocracy of the Soviet Union.To rectify the inaction of these leaders and the disillusionment of the people towards the Communist Party, Gorbachev trenchant immediate reforms were needed to restart the economy and to regain social trust. He introduced two key policies glasnost, intend openness, which was make the government more transparent and allow freedom of speech and perestroika, a political movement of Gorbachevs which introduced demokratizasiya (democratisation of the government) and economic reforms which allowed foreign investment. Gorbachevs perestroika movement also had other hidden side personal effects it would cause the end of the Eastern bloc and the dissolution of Eastern Europe.The perestroika movem ent cut Gorbachevs Communist Party into two liberals who wanted this reform to be accelerated and old communists who did not like the idea of reforming the Soviet Unions systems at all. After some setbacks, Gorbachev managed to push the reforms through. However, his intention to keep a one-party system failed, as elements of a multi-party system began to crystallise. Boris Yeltsin, formerly a supporter of Gorbachev, was now breakaway of the Communist Party and challenging him. Meanwhile, after the international embarrassment caused by the censorship of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion, Gorbachev began releasing Soviet dissidents who had been kept imprisoned, and allowed even greater freedom of expression, rather than tightening it, as Xiaoping did. Gorbachev also supported the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, which signified the end to the repressive iron curtain the Soviets had been protected by for nearly forty years.However, it soon became clear that perestroika was not targeting the correct areas of the Soviet Unions economy which needed serious attention. Although Gorbachev now allowed privatisation and engagement in foreign trade and investment, much of the macroeconomic aspects of the Soviet command economy were still intact, such as price controls, and the monopolistic control of the means of production by the State. Thus, perestroika was a largely unhelpful trickle-down policy, contrasting the SEZ policy of Xiaopings, which had the inverse effect. Perestroika only moved the stymy of the Soviet economy downwards, which failed to alleviate the continuous poverty which afflicted the country.The conservative side of the Soviet government was appalled with Gorbachevs actions and how the Communist Partys power was gradually being marginalised. Gorbachev also byword this, and to quell the oppositions protest, he attempted to avert the dissolution of the Soviet Union by installing the New Union Treaty, which proposed a new confederacy named th e Union of Sovereign States which would replace the Soviet Union. But within it, the federal system would be less centralised and there would be a greater distribution of political power, which reduced the Communist Partys control even more.Gorbachev was meant to sign the treaty on 20 August 1991, but was stopped by a coup detat attempt of Yeltsins (assisted by several others). On the day of the proposed signing, they issued an ultimatum for Gorbachev to declare Gennady Yanaev of the Communist Party the new President of the USSR, or call a union-wide state of emergency. Gorbachev accepted to do neither. He was consequently placed under house arrest as the citizens of Moscow began erecting barricades around the presidential estate. On 21 August, tanks intruded on the Red Square, and an attack on the White House was imminent, but the tanks were barricaded by trolleybuses. When the coup was officially over, Gorbachev dismissed all members of the State involved with the coup from their positions.After this incident, Gorbachev knew that his popularity was waning. His last major political decision was to establish the Belavezha Accords, which denounced the 1922 treaty that established the Soviet Union. The Belavezha Accords were signed on December 8 1991, On December 25, Gorbachev officially resigned as President of the Soviet Union, replaced by Boris Yeltsin, and on December 26 the Soviet Union ceased to exist.Conclusively, it is clear that while there were similarities between the reformation of the Chinese and Soviet political and economic systems as a response to the crisis of communism, the reason why Xiaoping succeeded this era and Gorbachev did not was because the Chinese government retained control over its people and did not allow opposition to the Communist Party. Gorbachev marginalised this power, which polarised the Soviet government. Gorbachev also relied on a trickle-down economic policy to save the Soviet economy, which unfortunately did not achieve w hat it set out to do. Finally, Gorbachevs attempts to democratise the Soviet Union and prepare its federal system for reformation failed when it resulted in a complete dissolution of the entity.

Nixon’s presidency Essay Example for Free

Nixons presidency EssayThere are 3 major issues emphasized during the 1969-1974 term of President Richard Nixon Vietnam, domestic policies, and the infamous Watergate affair. Nixon inherited the Vietnam War from Lyndon Johnson. The war had caused long time of turmoil among Americans who believed that America should not even participate in the war in the first place. In an aim to bring peace, he initiated the Vietnamization of the war, centering of the withdrawal of the US troops. For a darn, the plan seemed to be working, hardly the damage had already been done. Back home, America found herself with a dissenting generation. The war had already drain the countrys economy, inflation was high, crimes and civil rights movement were rapidly swelling. Nixon tried to solve this by injecting domestic policies that involved increasing interest rates to curb borrowing and introducing what the president called affirmative action programs, initiatives that hire minorities and women. Som e African Americans who were able to finish college benefited from this but majority were still poor and stayed in slums.Furthermore, sight blamed the Supreme Court for the rising incidents of crime so Nixon filled the court with conservative middlingices. However, while this alleviated the bevy of civil rights movement, it did not entirely solve the crimes. What it did was that it ushered an us vs. them sentiment, a battle between Nixon and those who opposed him, people who Nixon thought were countering the American values. During Nixons term, the activism was popular-environmental, consumer, and feminist movements were formed.People had become liberalized, more sensible of their rights and surroundings. It seemed that Nixons gameplan was not working. Nixons economic strategy also failed to work. It was not until 1971 when the president started a 90-day kibosh on wages, prices and rents that his efforts finally started to pay off inflation and unemployment had lessened. This im provement, along with having positive foreign relations helped him take in a reelection. But it only ushered the road to Nixons downfall.The illegal activities of the Committee to Reelect the President erupted into what became cognise as the Watergate Scandal which led to the presidents resignation. From a popular man, Nixon placed himself in a world of lies, crimes and deception. His presidency was in shambles. The lesson of the scandal became clear that there would always be the dangers of uninhibited decision maker power and opportunities for political abuse. It was and still is something American will forever be cautious of. Maybe just for that, however painful and shameful it sounds, Americans are grateful for Nixon.

What Energy Drinks Do to Your Body Essay Example for Free

What Energy Drinks Do to Your Body EssayIntroduction You be feeling tired and unmotivated what do you do? some people such as myself choose to purchase an competency drinkable(s) (I had a few while writing this speech) As students we sometimes need a little boost to help us study, many of you will opt to purchase null drinks in this speech i will attempt to inform you on the effectuate energy drinks have on your body. Body number one a little bit of history first ever energy drink was Lipovitan D 1962 invented by japanese company Taisho Used to keep employees awake well into the night First energy drink in US was Jolt Cola. Wasnt really an energy drink at all, just a hyped up soft drink introduced in the 80s added a skunk of sugar and caffeine Some Ingredients and what they do Caffeine works by blocking the effects of adenosine, a brain chemical involved in sleep. Glucose A from a sugar, is a primary source of energy, energy drinks contain double the recommended daily a mount. Ephedrine A stimulant that works on the central nervous system. It is a common ingredient in weight-loss products and decongestants, but there have been concerns about its effects on the heart.taurine A natural amino acid produced by the body that helps regulate heart beat and musculus contractions. Many health experts arent sure what effect it has as a drink additive. Ginseng A settle down believed by some to have several medicinal properties, including reducing stress and boosting energy levels. B-vitamins A multitude of vitamins that can convert sugar to energy and improve muscle tone. Guarana seed A stimulant that comes from a small shrub native to Venezuela and Brazil.Conclusion I hope this speech has helped you better understand the effects energy drinks have on our bodies, health and well being.so the next time you decide to drink an energy drink think about what you are really drinking. Works Cited Watson, Stephanie. How do energy drinks work? 04 October 2006. HowStuffWorks. com. Web. 02 touch 2013. Seifert, Sara M. , Etal Health Effects of Energy Drinks on Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults Pediatrics Official Journal Of The American academy Of Pediatrics. 3 (2011) 511-528. Web. 14 February 2011. Sifferlin, Alexandra Whats in Your Energy Drink? Time 04 February 2013. TIME. com. Web. 06 February 2013.

Government Expenditure Causes the Revenue Generation by Government Taxation

Government phthisis Causes the Revenue Generation by Government TaxationINTRODUCTION1.1 OverviewThe relationship amid presidential term tax tax gross enhancement and phthisis is a truly important topic and has been an essential issue for many economists and form _or_ system of political relation makers as it represents budget shortage, establishment outlay Plans and taxation structure of a sylvan. Since the main objective of every government is to improve frugal harvest- beat with low debt levels, wagerer education system, schooling of infrastructure and job opportunities recrudesce monetary policy is needed to achieve these goals. From a short term perspective fiscal policy is said to be expansionary when government expendings exceeds the sum check revenue and the sequeling dearth is indeed financed by the government, even so if these intakes contributes in economic growing then there is a long term relationship exist among government expenditure and economic result. In addition different studies indicate that the determination of Economic growth is depended on tax levels. Whereas many believe that the most signifi can buoyt factor that contributes in economic growth is tax level as the collection for development purposes of most developed and developing countries depend on tax revenue.1.2 search ProblemIn Pakistan the level of budget dearths stir self-consistently increasing from 2005 which is then financed by the government through external and domestic borrowing resulting in a higher debt levels collect to high interest cost associated with it and virtuosos to more future tax expectations. Thus the financing by the government for the compensation of deficit is an important variable, several studies fork up put light on the outcome of fiscal deficit but very few set about tried to find the reasons and makes of these deficits which is why the nexus amid government revenue and expenditure is still an unsolved issue . Therefore the main purpose of this look for is to try out the causative relationship among government revenue and expenditure.1.3 Hypotheses Tax Revenue military campaigns Government disbursement. Government Expenditure causes Tax Revenue. Tax Revenue and Government Expenditure Bilaterally cause to each some some early(a).1.4 Outline of the takeThe research studies the causal relationship between government expenditure and tax revenue to see the reasons for the consistent budget deficits in Pakistan from many years. In addition time serial humansation analyses have been make to promise the trend of government expenditure and revenue based on the leading variable.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE checkLoganathan, Nanthakumar, Taha, and Roshaiza. (2007) have set a stable relationship between expenditure and revenue. Furthermore there is a semipermanent impact exist expenditures that enter as input into the production function and those that enter as inputs in investment technolog ies.Koch, Schoeman and Tonder (2005) found that there is an association between burden of taxes and economic growth gibe to the purposes based on the data of 1960-2002 if tax burden decreases economic growth improvers significantly.Friedman (1982) explains expenditure of the government depends on entire revenue because as taxes increases expenditure increases by which deficit remains at the same level, he believes that the level of fiscal deficit can non be reduced by increasing taxes.Buchanan and Wagner (1977) on the other batch have presented an alternative theory that increase in taxes does not lead towards low expenditures because taxes creates higher terms of goods for the public due to high interest cost associated with it Buchanan and Wagner suggest that in order to restore deficit government should limit its financing ability.Sobhee and Sanjeev (2004) tested the originator from tax to expenditure and from expenditure to taxes by using the data of public finance and f ounded that in a small economy government jump sustain the necessary funds then use them for public expenditure, therefore to avoid the situation of fiscal deficit the government must c arfully monitor and nurse its make passing programs.Fasano and Wang (2002) in a research on GCC countries founded that the primary Source of revenue is oil and due to the economic fluctuations medium-term expenditure strategy should be adoptive according to which expenditure should not exceed the non-oil revenue so that in recessions to compensate expenditures oil revenues can be injected by short-term accommodations.Second hypothesis where causation runs from expenditure to revenue the government first spend and then to accommodate the required level of expenditure adjusts tax policy.Peacock and Wiseman (1979) Argues that due to economic crises government expenditure increases and they also remain at the same level when the crises is over. In their view government expenditure in driven by stron g economic crises which is able to change public cognition about the size of the government.Gounder, Narayan, Prasad (2007) find compatibility with the second hypothesis that the increase in taxes for the accommodation of government outgo affects on the capital investment by investors due to the fear of paying higher taxes in future.The third base hypothesis is fiscal synchronization according to which expenditure and revenue decisions are self-supporting and bilaterally cause to each other. Reflecting the traditional theories for the demand for public goods.Meltzer and Richard (1981), according to him the demand of public expenditures and taxes need to compensate these expenditures are compared with many alternative spending programs for cost benefit analysis, therefore the practical implication of this hypothesis is two-way causality.Narayan and Narayan (2006) suggest three reasons regarding the importance of nexus between government revenue and expenditure first if halal im plementation on policies is taken into consideration regarding government revenue fiscal deficit can be avoided, second if causality runs from expenditure to revenue outflow increases due to the fear that government will spend first and pay for it later by increasing taxes. Third in nerve of bidirectional causality expenditure can rise faster than revenue which can create huge budget deficits because revenue and expenditure decisions are independent of each other.Baharumshah and Lau (2007) Find two sets of different results where the fiscal policy of Korea, capital of Singapore and Thailand is driven by expenditures where the government finances revenue for the planned expenditures according to the limit of the balanced budget which facilitate the long term sustainable budget position. until now the taxation system should be implement by taking care of the overall smooth fiscal policy. Whereas in case of Malaysia and Philippines expenditures and revenues are independent of each o ther and the level of government expenditures and revenues is determined through fiscal policy based on marginal cost and revenue. Furthermore the findings indicate that in order to achieve long-term economic growth fiscal consolidation is necessary to reduce deficits and debt levels which lead a country to fulfill expenditure priorities smash and provide funds to more productive sectors.Griffin and McKinley (1992) believes that the expenditure policies of the government should be directed towards long-term future growth and for the well being of the people, Therefore activities that contribute more on socio economic development should be increased instead of using resources and funds to military defense projects.King and Rebelo (1990) taxation has a very important role in the long run growth process of a country where growth is not affected by indirect taxation, however direct taxation is harmful for growth.Roshaiza, Taha, Nanthakumar and Loganathan (2008) found in an analysis of Malaysia that the major(ip) part of taxes is direct taxes and reducing direct and indirect taxes will lead to reduce in government expenditures, In addition non-tax revenue does not contribute much in economys growth.Hondroyiannis and Papapetrou (1996) find unidirectional causality running from government expenditure to revenues in Greece where the reason of fiscal deficit from a long period of time was government spending decisions. The government spending to GDP is very high in Greece which results an operating inefficiency for the economy. Furthermore the results indicated that reducing fiscal deficit without reducing the government expenditure will leads to failure.Ahiakpor and Amirkhalkhali (1989) Based on the analysis of Canada found that to show the relevant results of fiscal policy government increase taxes which is a temporary and incomplete act in order to fully take control over fiscal deficit the government must reduce or limit its expenditures instead of finding ways to increase tax revenue burden on public.Baghestani and McNown (2004) in a sight of Egypt and Jordan take up that to promote domestic savings and private investment it is necessary to eliminate budget deficit for two the counties. Baghestani supported the causality from tax revenue to expenditure in case of Egypt and bi-lateral causality in case Jordan. Furthermore promoted the process of privatization because it facilitate high domestic saving and investment and at the same time helps to reduce fiscal deficit.Neyapti (2008) studied the influence of fiscal decentralization on government revenue and expenditure and indicated that decentralization improves quality of governance which leads to decrease in budget deficit and stable economic condition. However the efficiency of fiscal decentralization increases in case of large population.Keho (2010) Study the data fo 1660 to 2005 to analyses the causal relationship between government expenditure and tax revenue to see which expenditure and revenue items plays a part in the reduction of budget deficit and found that GDP has significant effect on government expenditure. Furthermore the findings of granger causality test indicate unidirectional causality from government revenue to expenditure based on the findings Keho et al. concluded that the implementation for the elimination of fiscal deficit should not me make by just increasing revenues. Thus without spending cuts the results will not be beneficial. In other words tax system should be made with proper spending control system.Brennan and Buchanan (1980) suggest that in order to reduce fiscal deficit constitutional limits should be imposed on post-constitutional governments, so that revenue collection by latter governments can be reduced otherwise the level of goods demand by public to be financed will be minimum whereas revenue collection will be higher.Baffes and Anwar (1990) conducted the research for the countries Argentina, brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Pakis tan to determine the behavior of government towards revenue and expenditures for the alignment of fiscal deficit. The results found to be positive for Mexico, Brazil and Pakistan while the similar findings havent been found for Argentina and Chile. For Brazil, Mexico and Pakistan causality runs in both ways in other words bidirectional causality where decisions for the government spending and revenue are taken simultaneously. However in case of Argentina and Chile causality runs from expenditure to revenue. The results indicates that to control budget deficit the government should increase revenue collection and restrain expenditure whereas public expenditures should be reduced in Argentina and Chile.Stoian (2008) founded in case of Romania by applying Johansen cointegration and Error Correction model that the long run relationship between government revenue and expenditure do not affect major fiscal imbalances.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODS3.1 mode of Data CollectionData of the two var iables Government Expenditure and Total Revenue is taken from tributary sources with the help of multiple sources which includes (Ministry of Finance), (State bank of Pakistan) and (Hand book of Statistics on Pakistan Economy).3.2 Sample SizeSample of 31 observations have been used by using the data of public finance from the year 1979-2010. Where the variable (Total Tax Revenue) has been created by adding indirect-tax, direct-tax, Non-tax revenue and surcharges and (Total Expenditure) has been calculated by adding Development and Non-Development Expenditures.3.3 Research ModelGranger model is used to find out the causality where TR is the total revenue and TE is total government expenditure.The above two equation represents the hypothesis where the causality running from total expenditure to revenue in equation one and from revenue to expenditure in equation two. Therefore incase of rejection of any hypothesis we conclude unidirectional causality between government expenditure to revenue. However, if both the hypothesis is rejected we concluded bidirectional causality in other words fiscal synchronization exists between government revenue and expenditure.3.4 Statistical TechniqueIn this research granger causality test by granger (1969) has been applied to study the causal relationship by comparing one time series with another (Government Expenditure with Government revenue) where one variable becomes the cause of the other variable to predict it significantly. In addition cross-correlation has been applied to assess the correlation between both time series variables.CHAPTER 4RESULTS4.1 Findings and Interpretation of the resultsTable 4.1Pairwise Granger Causality TestsDate 01/27/11 Time 1732Sample 1 32Lags 2Null HypothesisObsF-StatisticProb.TOTAL_EX does not Granger Cause TOTAL_RE300.841350.4430TOTAL_RE does not Granger Cause TOTAL_EX14.21328.E-05With the help of the summary given in the table above we find that there is a unidirectional causality exist betw een total government expenditure and total revenue, as the value of F-Statistic is 3.5 we will reject the null hypothesis (TOTAL_RE does not Granger Cause TOTAL_EX).Table 4.1.2Cross CorrelationsSeries PairTotal_Revenue with Total_ExpenditureLagCross CorrelationStd. Errora-16-.177.250-15-.143.243-14-.099.236-13-.056.229-12-.010.224-11.044.218-10.097.213-9.137.209-8.210.204-7.255.200-6.299.196-5.353.192-4.427.189-3.513.186-2.663.183-1.796.1800.994.1771.810.1802.662.1833.544.1864.431.1895.344.1926.271.1967.208.2008.148.2049.094.20910.053.21311.005.21812-.036.22413-.078.22914-.114.23615-.153.24316-.188.250a. Based on the assumption that the series are not cross correlated and that one of the series is white noise.Figure 4.1.1The results of cross-correlation indicates total revenue as a leading time series variabler with a strong correlation of .994 with government expenditures at lag 0, furthermore correlation a possitive correlation has been found from lag 1 to lag 11, However the cor relation is dexreasing and from 12 to 16 lags correlation in negative predicting that with the increase in total revenue, total government expenditure will decrease in furture.CHAPTER 5DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH5.1 ConclusionIn this paper we have studied the causal link between total government expenditure and total revenue in Pakistan using granger causality test and the supportive cross correlation from 1979-2010. Our result from granger causality supports the hypothesis that tax revenue causes government expenditure in Pakistan. In addition cross correlation results have indicated long-term results that with the increase in revenue expenditures will increase. Therefore the major conclusion drawn from this research is that in order to eliminate the problem of fiscal deficit and sustainable economic growth government should focus on the policies which facilitate increasing revenue.5.2 DiscussionVarious studies have dismemberd the causal relationship between government expenditure and revenue. Some supported with unidirectional causality occurring from revenue to spending and from expenditure to revenue whereas some have indicated the result of bidirectional causality. However, both the variables have significant impact on budget deficit and economic growth. financial deficit in Pakistan is a major issue as the findings of cross correlation indicates that the revenue and expenditures are correlated which means that as revenue increase expenditure increases and deficit remains at the same level and to compensate this deficit government increases its debt financing from domestic and foreign sources which leads towards inflation and high interest rates.5.3 Implications and RecommendationsThe model and analysis of this study is very useful for economists and policy makers as it helps in enhancing revenue by tax reform programs. In addition for the determination of optimal spending expenditure reform assessment can be done through co st and benefit analysis which will help in setting objectives for tax collections and better utilization of taxes.5.4 Future ResearchFuture research possibilities could be as follows first variables like interior(a) income and debt financing could be included in the research. Second data sets of multiple countries would be interesting to analyze the causal relationship using the same model in comparison with this research.REFERENCESAhiakpor, J.C.W., Amirkhalkhali S. (1989). On the Difficulty of Eliminating Deficits with high Taxes Some Canadian Evidence. gray Economic journal, 56, pp. 24-31.Buchanan, J. M., Wagner, R. E. (1977). Democracy in Deficit, New York Academic Press.Baharumshah, A. Z., Lau, E. (2007). Regime Changes And The Sustainability Of Fiscal Imbalance In East Asian Countries. Elsevier, 24 (6), pp. 878-894Baghestani H., McNown R. (1994). Do Revenues or Expenditures Respond to Budgetary Disequilibria?. siemensern Economic Journal, 61, pp. 311-322.Brennan, G., B uchanan, J. (1980). The Power to Tax Analytical Foundations of the Fiscal Constitution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Baffes, J., Shah, A. (1990). Taxing choices in deficit reduction. Policy Research Working Paper Series 556, The World Bank.Friedman, M. (1982). Personal interview, The Washington Times, June, p. 2Fasano, U., Wang, Q. (2002). Testing the Relationship between Government expenditure and Revenue Evidence from GCC Countries. IMF Working Papers 02/201. (Washington International Monetary Fund)Gounder, N., Narayan, P. K., Prasad, A. (2007). An empirical investigation of the relationship between government revenue and expenditure The case of the Fiji Islands. International Journal of Social Economics. 34, pp. 147-158.Griffin, K., McKinley, T. (1992). Towards a Human Development Strategy. Occasional Paper 6, December.Hondroyiannis, G., Papapetrou, E. (1996). An Examination of the Causal Relationship between Government Spending and Revenue A Cointeg ration analysis. frequent Choice, 89 pp. 363-374.Koch, S. F., Schoeman, N. J., Tonder, J. J. V. (2005). ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE STRUCTURE OF TAXES IN SOUTH AFRICA 1960-2002. South African Journal of Economics, 73, 190-210.King, R. G., Rebelo, S. (1990). Public Policy and Economic Growth Developing Neoclassical Implications. Journal of semipolitical Economy, 98, pp. 126-150.Keho, Y., (2010). Budget balance through revenue or spending adjustments? An econometric analysis of the Ivorian budgetary process, 1960 2005. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2(1), pp.001-011.Loganathan, Nanthakumar, Taha, Roshaiza. (2007). Have Taxes Led Government Expenditure in Malaysia? Journal of International forethought Studies.Meltzer, A.H, Richard, S. F. (1981). A rational theory of the size of the government. Journal of political Economy, 89, pp. 914-927.Narayan, P.K., Narayan, S. (2006). Government revenue and government expenditure nexus evidence from developing countries. Appl ied Economics, 38, pp. 285-291.Neyapti, B., (2010). Fiscal decentralization and deficits International evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 26(2), pp. 155-166.Peacock, S.M., Wiseman, J. (1979). Approaches to the Analysis of Government Expenditures Growth. Public Finance Quarterly, 7, pp. 3-23.Roshaiza, Taha, Nanthakumar, Loganathan, (2008). Causality between tax revenue and government spending in Malaysia. The International Journal of Business and Finance, 2 pp. 63-73.SOBHEE, Sanjeev K. (2004). The causality between tax and spend of the public sector in maturities A VECM approach. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 1-3, pp.115-130Stoian, A., (2008). Analyzing Causality between Romanias Public Budget Expenditures and Revenues. Theoretical and Applied Economics. 11, No.528.