Development During Teen Years How Does Childhood Impact...

Development During Teen Years: How Does Childhood Impact Adolescence and Adulthood? The development from conception through adulthood involves many changes and adjustments, and it also involves individual variation from one person to another (Broderick Blewitt). Development is a lifelong affair that does not stop when we reach adulthood. According to Broderick and Blewitt (p. 150), self understanding is one of the key building blocks of personality, social, and moral development. That is why I chose to use Eric Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, the ego identity. He believed that personality develops in a series of eight stages that have the potential for personal growth and failure. I believe that one must function as a member of society, but in order to do this, one must form an identity. I believe that identity development and the impact of childhood in adolescence and adulthood is a specialized topic that can be studied by looking at the history of psychosocial development, through the eyes of Erik Erikson. I will begin this paper with a brief look at his theory of psychosocial development. Then I will analyze, through my own personal experiences, how Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development during childhood impacted my adolescence and adulthood. Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best known theories of personality in psychology (psychology.about.com). One of his main elements of the psychosocial stage theory isShow MoreRelatedChildhood Depression And Its Effects On The Levels Of Self Esteem And The Link Between Depression1567 Words   |  7 Pagesperformance of adolescence. Historically, adolescences were not considered a candidate for depression mostly because of Freudian notions about unconscious, depression had been viewed as a condition which only affected adults. (Numley, 1996). Views on adolescent depression have changed significantly even since the 1970 s where childhood depression was thought to be masked by other conditions (Kahn, 1995). The debate continues, even today, as to whether other childhood and adolescence behaviors areRead MoreAndrew Wolf On Adolescence : Child Development And Psychological Theory Essay1860 Words   |  8 PagesAndrew Wolf on Adolescence: Child Dev elopment and Psychological Theory Get Out of My Life, But First Could You Drive Me and Cheryl to the Mall?: A Parent’s Guide to the New Teenager by Anthony E. Wolf, Ph.D. addresses the challenges that face teenagers and their parents. Adolescence, which is usually attributed to the time between 13 and 19 years of age, is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence, is addressed by Wolf (Myers, 2014, p. 140). WolfRead MoreWho Is An Adult? Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy of the 1990’s. He interviewed three hundred eighteen to twenty-nine year olds to discover if they felt that they were adolescents or adults. The conclusion was that the majority of their answers were neither one or the other but â€Å"in-between.† On the other side of the debate Tanner uses The Network on Transitions to Adulthood, a network of researchers that argues there is an extended adolescence stalling-off adulthood. Tanner discusses these two sides of the age debate, while remaining neutralRead MoreFrom The Very Beginning, Children Are Taught The Difference1644 Words   |  7 Pagesable to see how teenagers should not suffer the same consequences as grown-ups because one they are physically incapable of thinking like an adult and two because they most likely will commit another crime if not given a second opportunity and lastly see what their consequences could be according to some people. Teenagers should not suffer the same consequences as grown-ups because they are physically incapable of thinking like an adult. According to The Age–Crime Curve in Adolescence and Early AdulthoodRead MoreThe Process Of Adolescence Is A Period Of Different Changes1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe process of adolescence is a period of different changes happening in the transition from childhood to adulthood. During this time, a child is changing physically, emotionally, socially, and intellectually. This stage of life is the first time when parents need to let go and allow their children to be with peers and do more mature activities. A child in adolescence may begin to physically show signs of maturation along with the want for independence. This time can be a liberating part of lifeRead MoreAn Analysis of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye1223 Words   |  5 Pagestroubled individual. He tells us his story from the mental institution where he is currently residing. Holden is a 16 year old going through many different adolescent changes. He is expelled from his prep school for flunking too many subjects. He drinks, smokes, sees a prostitute, is punched by her pimp, goes on dates, spends a great deal of time in the park, and really does not do a great deal else. Holden is a very hard person to figure out and analyze. Throughout the whole book, Holden constantlyRead MoreAdolescent Years1927 Words   |  8 PagesAdolescent Years Paper Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood; it generally refers to a period ranging from age 11 and 19. Adolescence has many psychological and social stages, as well as biological. The beginning of adolescence is usually marked with the beginning of puberty. Adolescence can be prolonged, brief, or practically nonexistent, depending on the type of culture in which it occurs. Adolescence is somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is filled withRead MoreErikson s View Identity And Role Confusion1294 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Unlike previous theoretical framework for human development, Erickson went a step further to include the lifespan following adolescence. These three additional stages include the ages of early adulthood through old age (Robbins, Chatterjee, Canada, 2012).These additional stages follow his ideaology that focuses on the Ego rather than the Id and libidinal drives that Freud emphasized. Each stage continues to require a conflict resolution in order to successfully complete it. The finalRead MoreAdolescent Development2890 Words   |  12 Pagesinfants and children, development will subsequently progress into adolescence, followed by adult, and lastly elderly. The development occur in many fields, namely physical, perceptual, cognitive, moral and social. Adolescence Overview Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood. It generally refers to a period ranging from age 12 and 19. Adolescence has many psychological and social stages, as well as biological. The beginning of adolescence is usually markedRead MoreAdolescence Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesAdolescence is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, this is the time where the person changes in cognitive and physical ways. Adolescence is the period after a child hits puberty and ends depending on culture. Biologically, the child experience sexual maturation, there are two categories that fall into it. Primary and secondary characteristics evolve from it. Primary sexual characteristics include the maturation of reproductive organs. Secondary sexual characteristics are, â€Å"visible

Julius Caesar Essay Reaching from the Grave - 961 Words

Reaching from the Gravenbsp;ofnbsp;Julius Caesar nbsp; It is assumed that the title of a work should reflect the nature of its content.nbsp;The title should relate to the to the central influence which controls the flow of the work. Shakespeares Julius Caesar seems to contradict that convention. Caesar meets his bloody end at the hands of conspirators in the first scene of Act III, barely halfway through the play. He is not the tragic hero; that distinction lies with Brutus and Cassius, around whom the play revolves before and after the assassination. This essay will show that althoughnbsp;Caesar is not the hero of this tragedy,nbsp;he certainly is thenbsp;title character. nbsp; Like the storm in the first scene of The†¦show more content†¦Thy evil spirit, Brutus. BRUTUS. Why comst thou? GHOST. To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi. BRUTUS. Well; then I shall see thee again? GHOST. Ay, at Philippi. Julius Caesar, IV.iii.280-284 nbsp; Octavius, the Caesar that does appear to Brutus at Philippi, brings this rebellious mood to the battlefield, saying, I draw a sword against conspirators. When think you that the sword goes up again? Never, till Caesars three and thirty wounds be well avenged; or till [I, too,] have added slaughter to the sword of traitors (V.i.51-55). Octavius and Antony dedicate themselves to avenging Caesar. The dead ruler, however, exacts his revenge himself, driving both Cassius and Brutus to suicide. Here, take thou the hilts, and when my face is covered, as tis now, guide thou the sword -- Caesar, thou art avenged, even with the sword that killed thee (V.iii.43-46). Thus Cassius bids his servant Pindarus to kill him. One by one, the other conspirators follow suit. Brutus, discovering their slain forms, declares, O Julius Caesar, thou art mighty yet! Thy spirit walks abroad, and turns our swords in our own proper entrails (V.iii.94-96). Scene v shows Brutus finally giving in and joining his fell ow senators in death, unable to bear the grief of their loss nor the guilt at killing Caesar in the first place. Thus Caesar, though dead and physically gone, remains a powerful presence throughout the second half of the play. The guilt that he inspires in theShow MoreRelatedFrancis Bacon15624 Words   |  63 Pagessaleable morality. He is a moralist-cum-worldly wise man. Bacon appears as a moralist in his essays, for he preaches high moral principles and lays down valuable guidelines for human conduct. Some of his essays show him as a true lover and preacher of high ethical codes and conducts. For instance, in â€Å"Of Envy†, he puts: â€Å"A man that hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others.† Then, in his essay â€Å"Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature† he says: â€Å"But in charity there is no excess; neitherRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesNot Treating It Fairly ..................................................................... 174 Not Accepting the Burden of Proof ............................................................................................. 175 Diverting Attention from the Issue ............................................................................................. 176 Re-defining the Issue ....................................................................................................................

Eating free essay sample

This essay is about the way I chose to prepare and eat the food I like. The first body paragraph is about the way I prepare the food, then the second is how I eat it, then the third is about the mess I always make when I cook. Here it goes. The cooking is the most interesting thing about eating. How well you prepare the food is going to affect the way it tastes. Which makes it the most important step of eating because that is what helps you have a good experience. The eating of the food is the best of the steps I love this part a lot because it tastes good usually. I will eat a lot of different types of food like Italian, Mexican, German, and a lot of mixes of them all. When you finish eating it is depressing because that means you either have to cook more or you have to move on to the next step. We will write a custom essay sample on Eating or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last of the steps is one of the most boring of the three because it is the most messy, long, and slow of them all. The first thing I do is put water on all of the dishes so they can soak. Then I get the soap and the sponge to scrub the stuff off of them. When I am finished I put them in the dishwasher to kill all of the bacteria. I love to cook for friends too it is always fun to see that your work is appreciated. Well there it is I hope you enjoyed it thank you for taking your time to read this. I sincerely hope that you liked it.

Witch Of Wall Street Essays - American Women In Business

Witch Of Wall Street A musical based on the life of America's first great female financier, Hetty Green After watching the play, The Witch of Wall Street, and giving it a lot of thought I have analyzed the questions we were given and decided that just answering one wouldn't do the play or the storyline any justice. Therefore I have decided to run through the play in segments answering all five questions in the process of doing so. 1- Describe the plot of the play. 2- Describe the obstacles and opportunities Hetty Green had in the result of her success. 3- What were the main benefactors and antagonizers. The lifetime accomplishments of Hetty Green all started at a young and tender age when she would hang around the docks her father owned, where she was instilled with a certain attitude towards business. She was quite a tomboy, understanding the lingo of the whalers and learning the business. She was her fathers pride and joy, quick to numbers, always giving him the answers he wanted. Her mother, who was an ill and frail woman, was unhappy that she wasn't like other girls her age. While her father blamed her mother for not even being able to produce a son, Hetty, mature and sensitive for her age continued to only do one thing; be the best in her father's eyes. Competitiveness, the need to be successful and the desire to be only the best reigned her persona. Hetty's mother warned her daughter that her father was a shrewd and selfish man. She made sure to tell Hetty that when she died, the entire business would belong to her, despite her father's words... She warned her daughter not to trust anyone, while Hetty would cry to her, promising to make her happy, be rich and successful and buy her mother a beautiful big house. After her mother died, Hetty was introduced to the cold brutality of the world and it was the first notch of trust she lost in her father. Right after the funeral the lawyer announced that all assets would belong to Robinson. Hetty protested to her father questioning what would happen to his promise of Robinson and Daughter? To which her father, aptly - as was his ability to do, turned the entire scenario around, first slapping her and throwing a huge guilt trip on her, which made her apologize for not trusting him... Robinson and Daughter would do just fine in his hands... As Hetty grew older, watching the docks, little did she realize that her father was scheming and running the business according to his desire without consulting her. One day as she was watching the big ships with her father, she noticed something odd and questioned where they were going... After her father tried to dodge the question for a little bit by marveling at how pretty and tall she has become, he answered sheepishly that they were going to be sunk and sold for the war efforts. This was an investment for himself (as he thought) for after the war. Hetty is struck by a forceful thought; she can never trust anyone. This part of her growing up had a major effect on the way she conducted her business. Hetty grew up with a protective shell, juggling the balls in a way to keep both her parents happy, having to keep up with her father's ridiculous expectations. He himself wasn't able to keep his word; she lost trust in him at a young age. When Hetty grew older and attended a school for fine young girls she was quick to realize that she was an outcast, she had no social skills, she had no interest in the petty things other girls her age wanted and was on an extremely different wavelength than the rest of them. This formed her to a greater extent. She was a tough nut to crack and for one reason ? she learned that the best defense against the world was beating them at their own game. Hetty was still unmarried at the age of twenty-five. Once again, her father, the cunning shrewd man that he was, got her to play his game, and set her up to get married to a man named Mr. Green. He was wealthy, high society and a dashing handsome young man. To her father this was merely another business deal, which would allow him to die in peace. As a married woman, Hetty has many responsibilities. She gave birth to two

Personality Theory in the Implementation of the Helping Process

Introduction In its simplest terms, personality refers to a dynamic and classified set of traits possessed by any person. A person’s personality is his or her distinctiveness. The characteristic of an individual uniquely affects his or her inspirations, cognitions, and conducts in various circumstances. Otherwise, neurologist Paul Roe came up with a more logical meaning of personality.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Personality Theory in the Implementation of the Helping Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He defines personality as â€Å"an individual’s tendency to reflect certain patterns of ideas, thus holding to a specific pattern of behavior† (Nga Sears, 2010, p. 1457). The field of personality psychology extends from comparatively easy experimental findings, through variations between individuals to a relatively philosophical exploration of life. Nevertheless, personality philosophers seem much often concerned with the unities among the persons. Since a theory helps in controlling, comprehending, explicating and predicting the reality, personality theories are those theories, which try to categorize people into distinct groups in terms of traits. In studying personality, verbal models come in handy. The personality theories comprise of the Locus of control, Personal Construct Psychology (PCP), Humanistic, Bio-psychological, Psychoanalytic, behaviorist and social cognitive theories (Barker Gower, 2010, p. 297). The concern of the paper is in the latter: the social cognitive theory. In this theory, people describe the behavior as directed by the expectations in the world. Cognitive theories of personality accentuate the cognitive processes like judgments and thoughts. The paper seeks to discuss the applications of social cognitive theory in skills and techniques, communication, basic problem-solving, ethnic diversity and its establishments using the helping relationship. Skills and techniques In social cognitive theory, the behavioral ability gives the facts and skills required in forming the desired behavior thus promoting mastery studying. A person can easily learn and retain the skills acquired through observation (Bitektine, 2011, p. 155). The social cognitive theory clarifies the concepts under which people obtain and or uphold certain behavioral patterns. The significance of such sequence of patterns is inevitable in the acquisition and application of skills. Otherwise, it also provides the foundation for intervention techniques that equips an individual with the correct techniques of reaching a solution to a specified problem. Assessing behavioral changes relies on the environmental aspects and the people’s behavior. Social cognitive theory presents skills and methods for planning, applying and evaluating different programs (Shu-ling Lin, 2007, p. 602). The environmental issues that provide the framework for unde rstanding a behavior are ether physical or social. Moreover, the social cognitive theory comprehends the mental signs of the environment, which influence an individual’s behavior.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People may not be able to have a good perception of time, places and physical activities especially if they do not have cognitive skills. The environment may not constantly influence a certain behavior. Instead, it stands a chance to provide models for behavior. ‘‘Observational learning occurs when an individual observes the deeds of another person and the reinforcements, which the person obtains’’ (Barker Gower, 2010, p. 299). The ability of one’s behavior suggests that if a person is to execute a given observed conducts, he or she must acquaint himself or herself with the skills of performing it. In teaching, modeling is ver y important. It gives an alternative way of shaping and teaching new ideas. Operant conditioning uses unreliable shaping unlike social cognitive theory where modeling provides a faster and a more efficient technique for teaching new behavior. Otherwise, to promote effective modeling, teachers should make sure ‘‘that attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation’’ exist (Nga Sears, 2010, p. 1460). Self-regulation systems often give an effective method for improving the behavior of student. Nurturing an individual’s acceptable conducts requires not only skills and techniques as provided by the theory, but also good life skills for retention for instance communication skills. Communication The Social cognitive theory is applicable to health communication because it deals with the poignant, cognitive and behavioral facets in understanding behavioral transmutations. The principles and concepts of the social cognitive theory provide techniques for innovative behavioral investigation in health education (Sheldon Kennedy, 2008, p. 390). For instance, patients may perhaps create questions, which communicate their distress to health practitioners. Moreover, doctors employ self-efficacy ideas of social cognitive theory in helping patients drop some undesired behaviors using internal controls. In health reports, the theory supposes that people are more willing to believe in the information from others with similar conditions. As a result, the pain they suffer from reduces. Social cognitive theory finds its application in marketing and mass media. For instance, in marketing, one can use celebrities ‘‘to endorse and introduce a given product to a certain demographics’’ (Bitektine, 2011, p. 159). The media also uses social cognitive theory to promote the improvement of socioeconomic status and education in the developing nations. The theory stems the intended and unintended media effects. In addressing t he issue, the theory illustrates the influences the media has in determining the audience actions and conducts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Personality Theory in the Implementation of the Helping Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The media educates people on undesirable behaviors through entertainments and health campaigns (Wingreen Blanton, 2007, p. 630). Consequently, majority will not be willing to engage in risky activities as those associated with punishment. Otherwise, when the media airs a harmful action without consequences, it may only strengthen the unwanted behaviors. Therefore, there is the need for it to participate much in solving rather than enhancing the evident behavioral problems. Basic problem solving In social cognitive theory, a person transfers the skills and knowledge acquired to solving various problems. Learning is speeded up when a person is able to examine the beha viors of others who are comparable to them (Bitektine, 2011, p. 162). Since the materials are within the socio-cultural awareness of the user, learning experience becomes more successful thereby boosting the possibility of the knowledge used in solving basic problems. Social cognitive theory also provides tactics used to cope with problems related to stress. Otherwise, a stress can adversely affect a person especially if he or she is not vanished with solution to such effects. Learning occurs when a person reflects upon and internalizes his or her accomplishments and failures. For instance, an individual can easily read a book on driving a car; however, he or she completes the learning only if the learner really drives successfully (Barker Gower, 2010, p. 300). The social cognitive theory postulates that a person completes learning when he or she reaches a solution to the related challenges. Through social cognitive theory, the learner will identify his or her ability to complete a challenging task. The theory provides a system that permits the learner to apply the information correctly and consistently in solving a problem. Self-regulation allows a person to organize his or her response when faced with externally inflicted stimuli. In order for behavioral adjustments to occur, the person must receive the feedback. In a learning setup, feedback techniques reinforce a behavior such that if the conduct is undesirable, then it is stopped (Nga Sears, 2010, p. 1465). Otherwise, the feedback becomes more sophisticated as the learners’ ability improve, thus enabling them improve and master the task. For instance, if the problem is to learn how to drive, the leaner needs to get a car on the road and apply the speed limits and signaling to achieve some good driving habits.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ethnic diversity People live in socio-cultural environment, which varies with their shared principles, conventions and social practices. Notwithstanding, they differ in their particular brands of individualism. Social cognitive theory compares the cultural differences from socialist to individualistic points of view. Moreover, the emotional mechanisms learnt in ‘‘a stimuli-response environment conducive to self-efficacy and observational learning remains facilitated by incorporating multimedia expressions of culturally responsive examples’’ (Shu-ling Lin, 2007, p. 605). In addition, the social cognitive theory helps in fostering good understanding between members of different ethnic backgrounds. Understanding and appreciating one’s culture creates harmonious existence of the people. As such, the complexity of the social problems reduces consequently due to the social theory. The diversity of the cultures makes them become dynamic social systems. The intercultural difference and intra-individual variation in the psychological orientation across the subject of functioning depicts cultural dynamism. The theory supposes that a person learns from others with similar traits (Barker Gower, 2010, p. 306). It thus seeks to find techniques of shaping human behavior in an advantageous manner. For instance, through social cognitive theory, schoolchildren learn desirable and undesirable social behaviors and morals by observing the conducts of different ethnic groups. The laxity and contextualization expresses the provisions of an individual’s behavior in a socially acceptable manner. Imitating and filtering values of a certain ethnic group is significant in promoting good morals in the society. Therefore, it encourages a communal life rather than eroding it. A person with ‘‘resilient efficacy and strong pro-social purpose often subordinates self-interest to the benefit of others’’ (Sheldon Kennedy, 2008, p. 392). For instance, parents in deprived environment with resilient source of efficiency decline to have their children development dictated by unfavorable circumstances. They therefore pass their influence on to things, which matter through imaginative effort and self-sacrifices. The adversities besiege people especially in an attempt to change their lives for the better through joint effort. Social cognitive conjecture eliminates dualism between personal action and ethereal collective configuration due to racial gusto. Since poverty is a socioeconomic aspect, which does not work in secluded causation, financial circumstances and family makeup influence behavior through their impacts on people’s sense of worth and aspirations. As people imitate the behavior of others, the theory promotes the spirit of sharing and peaceful coexistence of the groups. As a result, they nurture suitable methods of eradicating poverty-related problems. Establishments using the helping relations hip The ethics that and individual places on a given result and intrinsic motivation are very important. The significance of incentives in fostering a good can should be overemphasized. There are several opportunities ‘‘for self-monitoring, goal setting, problem solving, and self-reward’’ (Wingreen Blanton, 2007, p.643). Such prospects become important in understanding the relationship between the concepts. The social cognitive theory uses relationships that often relate to the societal problems. Precise and reliable approaches thus give solution to such challenges. The acquisition of behavior occurs by examination of the deeds and effects of others’ manners, which include realistic role models of the targeted group. A person’s action that changes the likelihood of reoccurrence promotes self-initiated incentives (Sheldon Kennedy, 2008, p. 396). He or she becomes confident in performing a particular behavior; by applying relationships and met hods, which ensure success. However, the negative relationships might still exist between the expected result and the presentation. Conclusion Social cognitive theory principally rejects behaviorism. As such, it decreases behaviorism from complex human conduct to simple cause and effect. Conversely, the propensity in times of yore has been to amalgamate the two into an ample speculation (Bitektine, 2011, p. 178). Notwithstanding, therapists employ the techniques from social cognitive and behaviorist theories to help their clients. Social cognitive theory is simply a subset of cognitive theory whose concerns is mostly on the manners in which people learn to model the behavior of others. Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and take care that they do not model inappropriate behaviors. In education, teachers should expose learners to a range of models, which provide important techniques of smashing conformist stereotypes. The theory has various applications. The advert isements campaign in peer pressure circumstances uses social cognitive theory especially when reinforcing a certain acceptable behavior. In addition, it is helpful in the ‘‘treatment of psychological disorders including phobias’’ (Wingreen Blanton, 2007, p. 647). Social cognitive theory can also be helpful in ensuring successful AIDS campaign particularly with a suitable age group, proper gender and ethnicity. The adolescents will learn and understand because of peer influence. The conviction in a person’s personal ability often does not produce genuine assistances especially if the person requires a certain skill stage. Therefore, one cannot rely on a single theory to make a realistic conclusion of personality, as all the theories seem interrelated. References Barker, R., Gower, K. (2010). Strategic Application of Storytelling in Organizations: Toward Effective Communication in a Diverse World. Journal of business  Communication, 47(3), pp. 295 -312. Bitektine, A. (2011). Toward a Theory social Judgment of Organizations: The Case of Legitimacy, Reputation, and Status. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), pp. 151-179. Nga, E., Sears, G. (2010). The Effect of Adverse Impact in Selection Practices on Organizational Diversity. International Journal of Human Resource  Management, 21(9), pp. 1454-1471. Sheldon, L., Kennedy, E. (2008). Application of a model of Social Information Processing Nursing Theory: How Nurses Respond to Patients. Journal of  Advanced Nursing, 64(4), pp. 388-398. Shu-ling, W., Lin, S. (2007). The Application of Social Cognitive Theory to web-based Learning through Net Ports. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), pp. 600-612. Wingreen, S., Blanton, J. (2007). A social Cognitive Interpretation of Person-Organization fitting: The Maintenance and Development of Professional Technical Competency. Human Resource Management, 46(4), pp.631-650. This research paper on Personality Theory in the Implementation of the Helping Process was written and submitted by user Abdiel Gentry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Irrealis Were - Definition and Examples

Irrealis 'Were' s Definition In English grammar, irrealis involves the  use of were with a  subject  in the  first-person  singular or third-person singular  to  refer to an unreal or hypothetical condition or eventone thats not true or that hasnt occurred (e.g., If I  were  you, Id go home). In contrast to the more common use of were as a past-tense form (e.g., They were lost), irrealis were is a nontensed mood form, similar to the subjunctive. Irrealis  were  is sometimes called the were-subjunctive or (somewhat misleadingly) the past subjective. As Huddleston and Pullum point out, Irrealis were does not refer to past time, and there is no synchronic reason to analyse it as a past tense form (The Cambridge Grammar Of The English Language, 2002). Defined more broadly, irrealis refers to an event that hasnt occurred (or at least hasnt yet occurred), while realis refers to an event that has occurred. Examples and Observations I was telling Grant that  if I were an  alien and I came down to earth from some far-off planet, there are a few things I would notice about people, and the first thing I would notice is the way they looked, that is, if people looked different on my planet.(Donald Miller, Blue Like Jazz. Thomas Nelson, 2003)Roxanne stood talking to him with one long-nailed hand on his shoulder, the other at her hip as  if she were a  model at a trade show trying to sell him the grill.(Kate Milliken, The Whole World.  If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013)They took to looking at him as  if he were  on the other side of a dirty window.(Kate Milliken, Inheritance.If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013) If I werent  so broke and unsettled, Id adopt a dog tomorrow.(Andrea Meyer, Room for Love. St. Martins Griffin, 2007) Moodiness: The Subjunctive and the Irrealis Were Traditional grammarians get tripped up by the verb be because they have to squeeze two different forms, be and were (as in If I were free), into a single slot called subjunctive. Sometimes they call be the present subjunctive and were the past subjunctive, but in reality theres no difference in tense between them. Rather, the two belong to different moods: whether he be rich or poor is subjunctive; If I were a rich man is irrealis (not real). . . . In English [the irrealis] exists only in the form were, where it conveys factual remoteness: an irrealis proposition is not just hypothetical (the speaker does not know whether it is true or false) but counterfactual (the speaker believes its false). Tevye the Milkman [in the musical Fiddler on the Roof] was emphatically not a rich man, nor were Tim Hardin, Bobby Darin, Johnny Cash, or Robert Plant (all of whom sang If I Were a Carpenter) in any doubt as to whether they were carpenters. Counterfactual, by the way, need not mean outlandisho ne can say If she were half an inch taller, that dress would be perfectit just means known to be not the case. (Steven Pinker, The Sense of Style. Viking, 2014) An Exceptional Form This use of were is highly exceptional: there is no other verb in the language where the modal remoteness meaning is expressed by a different inflectional form from the past time meaning. The irrealis mood form is unique to be, and limited to the 1st and 3rd person singular. It is an untidy relic of an earlier system, and some speakers usually, if not always, use preterite was instead. (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum,  A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2005) AlsoSee Past SubjunctiveSubjunctive Mood

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology - Essay Example Whenever there is left sided heart failure the blood accumulates in the lungs first and then the pulmonary arteries and then right sided heart failure occurs. But, in this case, the patient suffers from right sided heart failure which means there would first be accumulation of blood in the right ventricle and then the right atrium. This accumulation of blood in the right atrium would lead a decreased venous return. This decreased venous return would then cause the accumulation of blood in the peripheral veins. The veins most affected are the veins in the leg. The gravitational force leads to the accumulation of blood in these veins. Accumulation of blood increases the hydrostatic pressure in these veins leading to the disturbance of starling’s forces and movement of fluid outside these vessels causing pretibial and ankle edema. The cause behind irregular pulse can be simply identified by the atrial fibrillation. In atrial fibrillation, there is abnormal transmission of pulses from the transmitters from the atria into the purkinjee fibres of the ventricles. This abnormal transmission of impulses leads to abnormal patterns of contractions of ventricular muscles causing an irregular contraction and relaxation pattern and an abnormal cardiac cycle (Cotran, 1999). This abnoarmal cardiac cycle due to irregular transmission of impulses is what causes an irregular pulse. Ramipril is a carboxylic derivative and belongs to a class of drugs known as ACE inhibitors. Ace inhibitors are those drugs that inhibit an enzyme Angiotensin converting enzyme. The major function of this enzyme is to convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2. The converted angiotensin 2 helps increase the blood pressure by several mechanisms. Some of these are: secretion of aldosterone which acts on the DCT in the kidney to increase the absorption of sodium and water, also the secretion of ADH which by its name the Anti Diuretic Hormone,

Elements of Rock Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Elements of Rock Music - Essay Example Since that time, rock has been into existence and has formed strong influence in the society, especially amongst the youths. Rock gained its popularity following the appealing nature to the white youths or teenagers who considered it a new, fresh, interesting and exciting form of music as opposed to the music of old days that was enjoyed by their grandparents, as well as their parents (Kenny, 39). Relevant to the above, it is of crucial significance to note that there are several elements responsible for making rock music to be as appealing, exciting and interesting as it is today.  Ã‚  Sounds are one of the elements that make rock music as outstanding as it is today. Typical rock music is always associated with four sounds (Scarufi, 25). The first sound in any typical rock music is always the voice. In some situations, rock music always features solo voice. The voice of the singer or soloist who is always associated with rock music is always amplified. This is very important in ma king the voice to become loud. Such loud voice is critical in capturing the audience. The second sound in any typical rock music is always the guitar (Charlton, 29). Bass forms the third sound, and goes together with the guitar. Guitars are always stringed instruments used in producing certain rhythmic sounds. Guitars are always electric, similar to the bass. It is important to note that in rock music, the electric guitar can always assume two different forms. These include distorted forms as well as clean forms.

Enterprise infrastructure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enterprise infrastructure - Essay Example In the service model, TRU should choose IaaS because its underlying infrastructure is well defined. In economic considerations, TRU should hire a public platform because the company will not incur up-front costs of constructing a private infrastructure. I am, therefore, recommending three things for TRU. First, TRU should use hybrid cloud for data portability. Second, TRU should use IaaS because of well-defined infrastructure. Lastly, TRU should hire a public platform because it is cheap. IT governance is the way in which an organization aligns its Information Technology strategies with business strategies to ensure the organization stays on track with its business goals. IT governance puts into consideration the interests of all stakeholders and also provides measurable business results. An IT governance structure in any business addresses issues such as the functioning of IT framework and its overall returns to the business. Every organization requires ways of ensuring that IT frameworks sustain the business’ strategies and objectives. The size of the organization determines the suitable level of IT sophistication governance that the business can apply. Very large and highly regulated organizations will require detailed IT governance structures and vice versa (Standards.org, 2) Strategic alignment involves linking IT and business so that they work together efficiently. The major issue in linking the two issues is the planning process. An efficient strategic alignment occurs when the IT team communicates effectively with the corporate side of the business about costs, progress and impacts (Standards.org, 4). Value delivery is ensuring that IT framework delivers the predetermined benefits to the business. The predetermined benefits are the ones the business intended to achieve by investing on IT infrastructure. Any business can ensure value delivery by efficiently managing its IT department. An efficient management of

Plastic Arts Education in Ecuador

Plastic Arts Education in Ecuador The plastics arts is essential tool to stimulate the creative ability and aesthetic sensibility in Ecuadorian preschool students In Ecuador, the implementation of plastic arts in the different schools is very important because its essential tool to stimulate the creative ability and aesthetic sensibility of the students. Plastic arts techniques, influence in the development of the childs fine motor skills as they are part of his daily life. The childs brain have a capacity of imagine and create anything to this age. The best method to that a child learned is the observation, perception, and representation of analysis. This fosters the development of talents and creativity that are necessary incentives for the child learning. The teaching methods help to acquire new information that the brain could use in the future to construct ideas, answers, or give solutions. Plastic arts in the initial education are a priority need for the child, because during the plastic workshops they have the opportunity to creative and act. Its considered to be dynamic process because the path it traverses is not linear. The education al system at this age should function as a transmitter, sifter and maintainer of cultural goods, creating interrelations with art. Plastic arts are a motivating tool that helps in the different areas of cognitive and preferential development. Integral development, motivating skills, capacities, and improving observation analysis are some of the benefits of plastic art. Plastic art techniques, if performed daily, influence in the development of the childs fine motor skills as they are part of their daily life, and failing to use them in an appropriate and timely manner will deploy a series of weaknesses and shortcomings in the development of skills engines that should strengthen at this age. The expression of human emotions and situations through the use of material elements aid creativity in children as well. Furthermore, this contributes in a really significant way in the intellectual and emotional formation of the people in general. Due to the fact that Ecuadorian schools have a deficit in creativity, plastic arts is essential tool that will stimulate the creative ability and aesthetic sensibility in Ecuadoria n preschool students. Art is a gift the human beings have at birth and this provides the opportunity to increase the capacity for action and experimentation to face a society full of changes. Art is a social product par excellence, where the influence of concrete reality predominates (Hinostroza, 2000, p.12). Because art is expressed and communicated values, customs, ideals and aspirations that mark the social development of a people and enrich the artistic expression to the people in the world. Art is the expression and manifestation of human feeling, through the line, color, movement, rhythm and melody according to the objective reality where it develops (Aquiles, 2000, p.10). Then, it will be understood that manifestation of human activity that is expressed in a way subjective, unique and irreproducible way to realize an artistic creation, be it real or imaginary communicating feelings and sensations that is the result of its intelligence and creativity. Art creates a domain in the symbolic life of the child, which encourages them to experiment with ideas and feelings while providing pleasure, which is a central goal in the development of emotional-affective life (Setchovich, 1999, p.18). First, the method of teaching in pre-school schools in Ecuador is quite standardized and systematic. For a better development of its initial education, Ecuador has agreed to the update curriculum, based on games and arts as methodological lines to organize, promote, and run experiences, starting the recognition that they are actors in their own learning. (Arias, 2013). With this in mind, implementing an innovative change in the schools would raise methods of observation, perception, and representation of analysis. This fosters learning and the development of talents and creativity that are necessary incentives for the childs interest in learning to act as motor. The curiosity of a child is enormous. Accordingly, when a child is curious, he or she observes and analyzes the different things that are around them. In fact, to promote learning, talent development and creativity is a key part of the teaching in the preschool. Indeed, the school should be a privileged place of learning and personal growth for a child. Education is a social process that enables the development of each persons potential. This process occurs in life and for life, in interaction with the environment, where the child develops his aptitudes, values and feelings (Fundacià ³n, 2013). Plastic arts should be considered as important methodological strategies in the process of strengthening the fine motor, because they offer plastic materials that can be manipulated freely and spontaneously with their hands promoting the joy of create and develop the imagination through its free expression. In plastic arts the children play with the material, the colors, the space, the images and the textures. Then they will begin to realize them expressing consciously what they feel, think and see. As a result the teaching methods help to acquire new information that the brain could use in the future to construct ideas, answers, or give solutions. Also, teachers will also expand their knowledge and establish strategies in a relevant way for this area and will be able to meet the needs of infants in a harmonious inter-learning relationship, strengthening the initial education pedagogical model which in turn will help the acquisition of knowledge, skills and values in children. Plasti c arts in the initial education are a priority for the child, because during the plastic workshops not only is a reality is perceived, but also they have the opportunity to create and act. Second, the stimulation of the creative ability in the children ages 3 to 4 years old is very important. The complex activities in this age, prevent the maturation of the fine motor, that if they are not corrected to time could generate difficulties in the initiation of the writing as it is: driving description, loose graphics, impulsiveness or clumsy writing giving rise to being hypertonic or hypotonic as their muscles have not reached maturity and still have no physical or emotional stability (Arias, 2013). Due to the fact that the childrens brain have a capacity of imagine and create anything to this age. When they do different activities like reading a history book the brain is obliged to imagine the things that they read. Besides, this the children make a drawing when their brains have a connection with the imagination. The plastic arts are important because it are not simple activities of reproduction of stereotypes, colored drawing, and, decoration or filling of figures that o nly thicken the work folder. But rather, plastic arts are transforming processes of the educational task that aim at a cognitive, socio-affective and motor development of the boy and the girl, forming it integrally. In fact, the emotions of children are important to creativity. Even through their emotions they can recreate the different scenes that involve being happy, sad, angry, etc. With this in mind, imagination can solve problems and help them practice self-discipline and develop both affection and compassion. Therefore the most important in a child is to create imaginary situations where they can act freely and they can solve problems. In addition, it is considered a dynamic process because the path it traverses is not linear. Thus, the educational system at this age should function as a transmitter, sifter and maintainer of cultural goods, creating interrelations with art to offer meaningful learning experiences to the child. Finally, improving aesthetic sensibility in initial education through the ability to understand the beauty of life and in art provides a comprehensive approach to childrens harmonic development. The initial education in arts where there is intensive accumulation of physical, mental, and spiritual faculties of children of 3-4 years accustomed causes good cognitive development. Nowadays, the formation of intellectual personality in preschool children is as important as the development artistic skills. In fact, it appears that the attitude for the composition of poems, stories, songs, etc.is becoming more promising. Thus, the aesthetic interests of the child in the expression of the universality of an aesthetic activity that is associated with art should be relaxed, cheerful, creative imagination, and initiative. But, the problem nowadays is that teachers do not use adequate methodological strategies to develop fine motor skills in the age of 3 to 4 years, because they work without grea ter organization and consideration of the needs and rhythm of development of children. (Arias, 2013). In conclusion, the initial education in arts where there is intensive accumulation of physical, mental, and spiritual faculties of children of 3-4 years accustomed causes good cognitive development. All students can improve if establishing techniques of the plastics arts teachers in initial education. The implementation of these arts in the Ecuadorian preschool will help with the development of creativity and innovation. Also, teachers will benefit by integrating their knowledge, as children today require an education with quality and warmth, where they offer meaningful experiences that allow their comprehensive training. Plastic arts contribute with agile and dynamic processes for the development of fine motor skills as they allow the application of different plastic techniques in a creative way that promotes segmental independence. Creating experiences of learning enriching for the integral formation of infant, which teachers do not give due importance within the learning process. Therefore, teachers are encouraged to incorporate into the educational process a methodological guide on plastic techniques to apply and improve the development of fine motor skills in children aged 3 to 4 years. References Aquiles, E. (2000). Art and creativity in the Education. Arias, R. (2013). Plastic Arts for the development to children. Quito. E. (2012). The Finland Phenomenon The System Educative Finland. Retrieved July 20, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAvle_y1mgI Fundacià ³n. (2013). Down21.org. Retrieved from http://www.down21.org/educ_psc/educacion/atencion_temprana/cognitiva.htm Hinostroza, E. (2000). Art and Creativity. Ossola, A. (2014, November 12). Scientists are more creative than you might imagine. Retrieved July 28, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/11/the-creative-scientist/382633/ Riquelme, A. (1986). Artes Plasticas. Universitaria. Setchovich, G. (1999). Plastic Expresion and Creativity. Mexico.

Does covergirl test on animals

Animals can be subject to pain, lack and hardship when inserted into the conditions needed to test them. Cosmetic animal testing is cruel alternative of doing real research and find out what products really nuisances people. There are many cosmetic companies that test on animals, including many major brands. Every day, the cosmetic companies that experiments on animals are subjected to a variety of animals those cruel and inhumane attitudes. Over the years, the number of wins by animal rights campaigns and lots of already tested on animals to stop.In late 1980 and early 1990, there are many leading companies to stop testing cosmetics on animals in response to negative publicity from animal rights groups. Moreover, in recent years the interest in sustainable products both companies eco-friendly and animal’s cosmetics have more burden to stop testing on animals. However, despite interest in cruelty cosmetics for the practice of cosmetic companies that test on animals, there are many cosmetic companies involved in this cases. Top cosmetic companies that test on animals are Maybelline.Maybelline is one of the largest cosmetic companies that test on animals. When it comes to market share, Maybelline has a market share of 7. 4% in the world of cosmetics. Not like the other companies that have stopped animal testing over the years, Maybelline has continued to test on animals. Secondly is L'Oreal, the greater share of the world market of cosmetics with the 5. 3% market share. The company was also the subject of animal rights campaigns, because it is one of the main cosmetic companies that test on animals.The group called L’Oreal Nature watches continue to criticized the current boycott L'Oreal Company argues that even gives animal tests in 1989. Nature watch show that while L'Oreal will no longer be able to test finished products on animals, the ingredients tested on animals. Lancome has a market share of 4% of the world and, inappropriately, one of the c osmetic companies that test on animals. Like other cosmetic companies that test on animals, has done a lot of web sites that keep trash of companies that use animal testing and is commonly avoided by those whom wishing to be considerate consumers.Max Factor has a 2. 8% share of the world market, it is sufficient to include it among the major cosmetic companies that test on animals. The company has been targeted by animal rights activists over the years, both relating to animal testing for cosmetic products, as well as the fact that Max Factor parent company Procter ;amp; Gamble-test a variety of animal products. Cover Girl has a 2. 7% share of the world market, the number of high-ranking enough to five major cosmetic companies that test on animals. As for Max Factor, Cover Girl is owned by Procter ;amp; Gamble, which has tested several products on animals.Although Procter and Gamble claimed that stopped animal testing for 80% of its products, continues to test various products on an imals. In addition to these companies, there are many other cosmetic companies that test on animals. The products are not tested on animals in General clearly labeled. There are millions of animals that have suffered violent, painful death in the name of research. Live animals such as human beings, but people seem to think that animals are just mere tools at their disposal. The types of animal testing research are medical, surgical, and cosmetic testing.For years researchers have been using animals as test tool for human drugs. People say that using animals, we are getting closer to finding a cure for cancer, but in fact, all the researchers found was a cure for cancer in rats, but it just does not work in humans, according to the former head of the U. S. National Cancer Institute. Animals and humans built different, because these animals do not get sick in the same way that people do. Every year in the United States alone, there are more than 100,000 human deaths caused by drugs al l have successfully passed the test animals.Since all that extensive research has failed, it has been a waste of time that could have been spent using alternative test will be more reliable and accurate for medical research. Surgery is another form of animal testing where prepared animal cut open the stomach just to see how they work as if they were some kind of machine. Type or analyzed animals in schools which are frogs, cats, dogs, pigs, rats, rabbits, fish, worms, and insects. Frogs taken from the wild and other animals taken from carnage houses, animal shelter, pound, pet stores, and are also free to good home ads.A PETA undercover investigator in one of the country’s largest supplier of animals to be used for the operation had been told by his supervisor that some cats are killed have become animal companions have ran away from their homes and the fact that students do experiments on animals other one and only. Animals used for surgery being blasted, and sometimes, they were brought out alive and in pain only to be injected with formaldehyde, which is harshly irritating caustic substance that causes a painful death.Students who dissect animals are sensitive to the sanctity of life, and surgery can encourage students to killed animals elsewhere, perhaps in their own backyard. Animals adequate to live their lives the way they naturally planned for. Cosmetics industry uses animals to determine their security products. As a result of testing done, millions of animals suffer a painful to death. A type of test used on animals called irritancy test where liquid, granule, flake, or powdered substance falls into albino rabbit eye group.Because of this, irritated rabbit eyes become swollen and may bleed. Even though rabbits alive and aware, almost fifty percent of the test animals death usually within 2 or 3 weeks. There is another type of test done to establish what skin care products are safe for humans called skin irritancy test. Those tests are mostly c onducted in rabbits and guinea pigs. This is processes that involves shaving the animal and put chemicals on raw skin and cover their bare skin with adhesive plaster. Animals will be moving in the block device to prevent them from fighting.This form of the test may be far worst child; these animals that undergo test only for a new lipstick or perfume live in enclosures, small crowded in fear or pain and suffering. Animals have different biological systems or human testing may not be as accurate. A cosmetic testing on animals is not only offensive, but also it is also very expensive. Alternative test can maintain the same amount of data, and less expensive and not cruel to animals. The fact that people take small animals that are unable to punish them, just so people can make themselves look and feel better is just wide of the mark.There is a more logical way of testing described above. Test more accurate and less offensive to living things, such as â€Å"synthetic skin,† call ed Corrosive, computer modeling and numerical Marine Local Lymph Node Assay design better, (LLNA). It is a proven fact that animals feel pain just like humans, but we still think its okay torture and kill animals in the name of science. If this is the man that researchers have used it will be considered unethical and immoral. We must end the cruelty and torture for this because as humans, animals, wildlife.No matter how it is viewed, it is cruel and unusual punishment. The soul is the same in all living things, and even the body of each is different. If people would take the time and attract what this quote really means, then maybe they will have a better respect and understanding for animals and see why animal testing is morally wrong, and torment beings who can’t speak for themselves. If scientists can find a way to find out what materials people react negatively to, there would be no need to test on animals.

Position of the Music Industry Prior to Introduction of Internet Essay

In the music industry prior to the introduction of internet marketing there were different roles being played by different actors of the market. The usual way a product is prepared for market is to contract the artists. The artists who were the content providers record materials which are either their own or provided to them by other writers. This is clearly depicted in the figure below. Traditional Value Chain in the Music Industry Source: John B. Meisel and Timothy S. Sullivan The recordings will be done on the basis of the contracts entered into with the recording companies. Hence the power and control over the supply of the product remained with the record company. The recording company thus would be regarded as the holder of the major item of value in the supply chain being the exclusive rights over the recorded artists’ content. (Hardaker and Graham, 2001) Most of the part of the distribution is in the hands of the record companies and they also retain the rights to select the suppliers. The distribution and supplier selection is based on the record companies’ perception about the quality of the recording and the music, past reputation of the suppliers and the contract price for the recording. In return for the content in the form of recording, the artist is compensated by the provision of promotions for the recording and its merchandising in connection with the sales there of and the distribution of the content as a saleable commodity – CD for example. It was usual in the traditional music industry that the major record companies have their own distribution channels and businesses. Hence it would become necessary for a retailer to source his music products from different sources. Sometimes the retailer may have to place orders with major record companies and up to 20 other firms from the independent sector. The new releases of music albums or other sales of the record companies are usually handled by the wholesalers. If the retailer would like to follow the wholesaler route then he might have to order through only one wholesaler. The main wholesalers also offer another service called ‘rack jobbing’ which is a different method of supply being adopted by them. The function of a rack jobber includes the supply of complete package that contains records and other promotional and display materials. It is also the duty of the wholesaler to keep a regular stock usually on a sale or exchange basis. Just as the advancement in the telecommunication had its effect on all the other sectors from airline reservations to banking and related financial services the music recording industry has also been severely impacted both positively and negatively observes Eric de Fontenay. In fact the impact of internet on the music industry is much more profound than on any other industries. Despite the fact that the entertainment related products and services have taken their own time to develop and take advantage of the improvements in digital technology over the decades, during the intervening period the overall structure of the industry has remained dormant. The reasons for the industry to remain without major changes can be traced to the following reasons: 1. The cost of creation of content has always remained higher and this prohibited any new entrants in to the industry. 2. The structure of content ownership and rights of licensing system remained unaltered thereby keeping the structure of the industry in tact. 3. There has been a continuous necessity for the presence of a distribution network almost everywhere in the world irrespective of the geographical barriers. This has restricted the existing firms to make any changes in the structure. There was no possibility of new firms entering the market in view of the high capital intensive nature. 4. Similarly there had always been a constant scarcity for the distribution networks which also prevented any new forms of distribution or change in the structure of the distribution networks. (Eric de Fontenay) The internet has affected the music industry in so many ways. It has made the industry incur additional costs in completely restructuring itself. Further the internet has reduced the entry barriers. This was possible by a considerable increase in the number of downstream outlets having varied nature. At the same time the internet has provided the actors in the upstream end to enjoy greater control over the aspects of content ownership, production and distribution. This has created a distinct fear in the record labels that they cannot eliminate the possibility of getting bypassed by both the markets in the downstream and upstream. This impact has created the following reaction on the part of the traditional industry actors. They tried to impose the existing rules and procedures to the new medium so that they could exercise the same leverage and control over the market. The process by which they attempted to do it involves a twin aspects strategic approach. At one end they used legal channels to restrict the availability and use of the new technology in the Industry. On the other end they adopted new technologies to tackle the potential legal threats that would affect the control derived by them from the traditional systems. This strategy backfired and left them high and dry in the market while new information technology players like AOL, Microsoft, E Music and MP3 took advantage of the stalemate. They reacted aggressively by building their infrastructure and systems for the online marketing and distribution of music. They also involved themselves in the retailing of music over internet. The distribution of revenues in the music industry involves the portion of the performer. As per the contract terms the performer is to be paid a portion of the revenue each time there is a sale of the record. Before the money is paid to the performer the revenue is to be apportioned towards the expenses incurred by the company for marketing and distribution. This gives an opportunity for the artists to earn considerable amounts from the sale of products. For gaining maximum revenue the artists should control the publishing rights to their songs or they have the capacity to negotiate contracts with terms that are favourable to the artists. In the case of revenue distribution Internet has its impact on the industry in the following respects.

Pros and Cons of Class Field Trips

Pros and Cons of Class Field Trips Are field trips worth all the time and effort required to make them successful? Most teachers have asked themselves this question at one time or another, typically when feeling overwhelmed as they prepare for  a field trip. The truth is that field trips at any grade level can cause quite a few headaches for teachers. At the same time, well-planned field trips can provide students with truly educational experiences they cannot get in the confines of the classroom. Following is a look at the pros and cons of field trips. Benefits of Field Trips Field trips provide students with new opportunities for learning through experience: Information is presented to students in a way that meets different learning modalities.  Field trips provide students with the ability to learn by doing instead of just passively listening to the information being taught in class.  Students are exposed to  new experiences that hopefully broaden their horizons. This can be especially helpful for students from lower socio-economic backgrounds who may not have been exposed to these opportunities before.  Concepts that have already been learned in the classroom can be reinforced. Sometimes seeing information being taught in a new way can make all the difference in student comprehension. There is quite a difference between being taught about something like hurricanes and wind speed and experiencing them in an exhibit at a science museum.  Students are provided with shared reference points that teachers can then refer to and use in future classes. There may be an opportunity to have two or more disciplines use a field trip as an enrichment activity. For example, a trip to an art museum (art) coupled with a timeline for social studies (political systems in place when art was created) or a combination math (measurements) with science in a biosystem (river, beach, meadow). That way, multiple teachers can then refer back to things that students saw and experienced for the rest of the school year.   Students and teachers can see each other in a different light, helping to increase communication between them. Some students who might be overlooked in class because they are quiet might really come alive on field trips.  If parents are involved as chaperones, they can feel more connected to the teacher and the lessons being taught. They can get to know the teacher  better and understand what teachers deal with daily.New standards in social studies and science  require students to have experiences  related to concepts in the discipline. In social studies, students are required to take informed action.  In science, students need to be exposed to a series of concepts to help them to better understand the world around them. Field trips help teachers meet these objectives. Problems to Know In Planning a Field Trip There are a number of concerns and challenges that teachers face when designing field trips that must be recognized and addressed before planning a field trip. Field Trips take time if teachers want to make the field trip meaningful. Teachers have to coordinate locations and transportation. They also need to create an effective lesson plan that they will follow when on the field trip.  Students will be out of the school building for a field trip, which means they will miss other classes. If each core subject area (ELA, math science, social studies) offered one field trip during a school year, students would be out of the building for four days. School attendance policies may count these as excused absences, but any field trip that removes students from class reduces the number of classroom hours.  Field trips can be expensive, and some students may not have the funds to attend. Organizers of the field trip may consider asking for parents to add a few dollars to scholarship students. There may need to be a fundraiser for students to raise money for more expensive trips.Teachers have to organize the collection of money and the assigning o f chaperones. Teachers need to spend some time creating student groups that work for all students and ensuring that chaperones are assigned accordingly.   There is often red tape that teachers have to deal with as they plan field trips including permission slips, medical information, and emergency procedures. Schools typically require paperwork from teachers and their students.  Students will be placed in a larger environment than the classroom. New surrounding could possibly lead to additional discipline problems. Because the teacher typically only leads a small group, they cannot keep control over the behavior of every student on the field trip. It is very important that teachers enforce rules strictly and create effective consequences for misbehavior while on field trips.  The field trip destination might not live up to the teachers expectations. The location might not be as interesting as the teacher thought it would be. The time to complete the field trip might be considerably less than was expected. Therefore, it is a good idea to have some contingency plan in mind just in case.There may be students who, for one reason or ano ther, will not attend the field trip. Teachers must leave lessons, usually enrichment lessons, that mirror some of the concepts being experienced on the field trip. Feedback: One of the best ways to measure the success of a field trip (other than returning all students back to the school) is to ask for feedback. Teachers can post a survey for participants and for other chaperones to express how they would evaluate the trip. Students should have the opportunity to reflect on the trip and write a response in a journal or essay. Requiring journal responses after the trip can solidify the information learned as students reflect about their new understandings.  Asking students to write a thank you to the school principal for allowing the trip may even smooth the path to additional field trips.   All in all, most teachers feel that well-chosen field trip destinations are quite worth the hassles associated with  field trips. The key is taking the time to plan each aspect as much as possible.  Teachers must be proactive when thinking about and planning field trips. Students, on the other hand, may remember the experience of the school field trip as a highlight of the school year, and the time they learned more than anything taught in class.

Analysing Causes Effects And Implications Of Sibling Incest Social Work Essay Essay Example

Analysing Causes Effects And Implications Of Sibling Incest Social Work Essay Essay Example Analysing Causes Effects And Implications Of Sibling Incest Social Work Essay Paper Analysing Causes Effects And Implications Of Sibling Incest Social Work Essay Paper This literature reappraisal focuses on research that is related to sibling incest and discusses the causes, effects and deductions that sibling incest has on the victim, culprit and the household. It focuses on the types of research that is conducted and the failings and strengths of these surveies. It besides discusses farther deductions and suggestions for future research in respects to sibling incest. It is meant as a reappraisal of the types of research and how this affects our positions on sibling incest and ways that we can better future research to assist those that are victims, culprits and impacted by sibling incest. Sibling Incest is a immense tabu in the US and an issue that is mostly dismissed as something that is non experienced by the general population and occurs merely in a really little sum of instances. After reading each of these articles, it has become clear that there is a important deficiency of research sing this peculiar signifier of household maltreatment. Much of what has been researched seems to belie each other and are inquiries sing this concealed tabu continue to travel unreciprocated. When most people in the US think of incest, specifically sibling incest, they seem perplexed as to what causes this desire in people and how this plays out in a household. Sibling incest seems to be considered one of the highest signifiers of maltreatment within a household and demands to be researched so that we may get down to understand the full impacts this has on persons and households. By researching and understanding this maltreatment more thoroughly we might be able to forestall future incest instances and aid victims and culprits recover from such a violent signifier of maltreatment. We might besides be able to come to understand the full impacts of sibling incest and if our positions as a state and our tabu against it holds true. Does sibling incest violate such basic psychological positions and swearing relationships that might damage the victim more than any other type of household maltreatment? Thompson discussed why incest between siblings demands to be studied more than any other country ( 2009 ) . The writer described the sibling relationship in respects to incest and the effects the incest has on the victim and the household as a whole. Thompson sheds visible radiation on the households of sibling incest relationships and different theories that can get down to explicate the household system and household response upon revelation of the maltreatment. The writer examines how blaming plays a portion in the reactions to incest revelation by the household, and how this affects the wellness and well-being of the victim. Thompson describes different get bying mechanisms and the effectivity of group therapy in the lives of incest victims. The writer briefly discusses different theoretical models that might help in work covering with female victims of incest. Thompson focuses on household systems theory and the relationships within the household. A group theoretical account is mentioned as a successful manner to work through incest injury and develop healthy get bying schemes. Short-run and long-run group theoretical accounts are discussed in their benefits and disadvantages that each provide ( Thompson, 2009 ) . Snoging Your Sister The article Kissing Your Sister summarizes a survey performed by three evolutionary psychologists, Debra Lieberman, John Tooby, and Leda Cosmides. The survey sheds light as to what makes people avoid incest dealingss. The survey was performed on 600 people and investigated their household histories and relationships. The survey suggested that there are two chief things that trigger us to avoid sexual relationships with our siblings. These triggers are the sum of clip that the individual spends with the kid s female parent at a immature age and the sum of clip the two spend populating in the same house. Harmonizing to the writers, these trigger two evolutionary procedures that are good to the endurance of worlds. Altruism and antipathy to incest aid persons to last by acquiring along and avoiding possible malfunctions in reproduction. Sibling Incest: Reports from 41 Survivors In the article, the writers discussed a survey that was performed with 41 grownups who experienced sibling incest. The research was done due to a important deficiency of old research in this specific country. Included in the survey were work forces and adult females, culprits and victims. The sample consisted largely of Caucasic propertyless adult females with a average age of 39 old ages old. They asked open-ended and closed-ended inquiries sing the maltreatment, who started it, the continuance, and revelation. The study consequences reported several findings. It suggested that the mean age difference was around 4 old ages with victims being, on norm, around age 7 at oncoming and age 13 at the terminal of the maltreatment. The inquiries investigated several issues included who initiated the maltreatment and the menace of force that is placed on the person. The writers besides investigated other sexual maltreatment experienced by the participants and the environment of the household, including any physical, emotional, and/or sexual maltreatment experienced with other household members and non-family members. Sibling Incest within Violent Families: Children under 12 Seeking Raising In the article, the writer investigates possible causes that might take to sibling incest including violent places, disregard, and a demand for love and raising. The writer suggests that force in the place may act upon a kid s sexual individuality and perchance act upon the desire for incest. The writer defines violent households, the construct of raising, and sibling incest in order to make a image of how they might interact and act upon each other. The writer uses anecdotal grounds to back up her positions that household force may take to a different sexual individuality in the kid and sibling incest desires. The writer explores the procedure kids exposed to violent households might travel through. She recognizes the demand for connexion, comfort and raising that the kid has and suggests that they begin to look for this emotional connexion in their siblings. She investigates the sexual advancement and geographic expedition that a kid goes through from birth to adolescence and how t his might be affected by household force. The writer discusses the possible effects of shame and how this might do a kid more vulnerable to sibling incest. Findingss of each survey Sibling Incest: A theoretical account for group pattern with big female victims of brother-sister incest. Thompson argues that a long-run group theoretical account is best used when working with incest victims. Thompson ends the article forcing for a broader attack when look intoing the lives and injury of incest victims, looking at the manner household kineticss and interactions play a portion in taking to incest. Thompson recommends group therapy as a manner to assist victims experience understood and work through their header accomplishments as a group. Snoging Your Sister The writers interpret their consequences from their survey on sibling incest to propose that the sum of clip the possible incest spouse spent with you in the same roof and being raised by the same female parent, predict the likeliness of incest behaviour. The more clip the stepsibling or sibling does pass in these conditions increase the likeliness that you will avoid incest Acts of the Apostless. They besides suggest that adult females are more likely to avoid sibling incest perchance due to the desire to reproduce healthy progeny. The writers suggest that antipathy to sibling incest is strongest among siblings of the opposite sex. ( Lieberman, Tooby, Cosmides, pg. 1 ) Sibling Incest: Reports from 41 Survivors The writers in this survey were led to believe that the mean age difference between culprits and victims was 4 old ages with the most instances of sibling incest experiences including caressing and holding the sibling s genitalias rubbed on the topic s organic structure. The survey suggests that a bulk ( 68.3 % ) of participants were coerced, threatened or bribed in order to coerce cooperation. ( pg. 9 ) It suggested that more male participants believed the sexual experience was consensual. It besides suggested that more maltreatment ended when the culprit left place, versus the victim. The bulk of participants perceived themselves to be emotionally abused by being ridiculed, degraded or set down, emotionally neglected, or threatened with maltreatment. ( pg. 10 ) The research workers discovered that revelation of sexual maltreatment occurred about seldom. The bulk of participants besides reported holding sexual experiences with other household members. The survey concluded that si bling incest can be durable and often entails intercourse. In most instances the sexual behaviour was coerced in some manner. Parents were rarely cognizant of the maltreatment while it was happening, and factors other than revelation most frequently led to the incest stoping. ( pg. 13 ) . Sibling Incest within Violent Families: Children under 12 Seeking Raising Harmonizing to the writer, the effects of sibling incest can be traumatising as the single enters maturity. The writer believes as a consequence of her anecdotal grounds and researching ideas on sexual geographic expedition throughout childhood development, that the kid s reading of sexual geographic expedition might be altered due to the maltreatment and the kid s hunt for another signifier of raising in their environment. As the kid develops their positions on this will change, in which instance they might see their incest acts as disgusting and no longer normal, therefore the grownup undergoes important psychological hurt. The writer suggests that harmonizing to the determiners theoretical account, a deficiency of societal support and parental handiness will go forth the kid at high hazard for sibling incest, both as a culprit and victim. Strengths/Weaknesses of each survey In the article Sibling Incest: Reports from 41 Survivors, there are so many elements that skew the findings of the research workers. First, the research workers interviewed both culprits and victims, doing the rubric of the article really deceptive. By questioning culprits every bit good as victims, they are skewing the information to stand for either higher or lower per centums in certain countries. The age difference between culprits and victims was skewed because they used all participants informations as stand foring of the victim, and their opposite number as stand foring of the culprit, even though there were several persons in the survey that reported originating the maltreatment. Several other misunderstandings of this information might hold led to skewed findings and misinterpretations of sibling incest. Sibling Incest within Violent Families: Children under 12 Seeking Raising nowadayss some good suggestions and possible thoughts on what might do some signifiers of sibling incest. It presents good anecdotal grounds that might take to really good research surveies that will look into this correlativity in more deepness. However, the anecdotal grounds and the mere sentiments of the writer are non plenty to come to any decisions about the correlativity between household force and sibling incest. It is nt adequate to alter therapy, bar, and intercession in respects to sibling incest. These types of articles are great gateways that lead to farther probes of relationships and causes of many types of household force and go on to be the start of research that has nt been investigated yet. Decision It is clear that there needs to be much more researched in respects to sibling incest in order to understand the full kineticss and deductions of this misdemeanor upon an person. The articles that are mentioned above Begin to turn to these issues, some of which really addressed possible deductions that sibling incest has on persons. However, most of the research was targeted at causes of sibling incest. They all came to similar decisions such as the culprit is by and large about four old ages older than the victim. The lone article that seemed to turn to the deductions of maltreatment on persons was Sibling Incest: Reports from 41 Survivors, and this even was really brief and concise. They suggested that victims might experience a sense of misgiving towards the opposite sex as grownups and experience uncomfortable in sexual relationships. Most surveies performed open-ended and close-ended inquiries on grownups that had experienced sibling incest as kids. Thompson describes different ways to assist victims get by with the maltreatment as grownups by utilizing group therapy and learning get bying mechanisms. The deductions that these surveies hold on farther research of sibling incest are important. Further research should be used to execute different types of surveies and experiments including long-run surveies. This becomes a challenge when normally sibling incest is non disclosed until the victim is an grownup and much clip has passed since the maltreatment. We should besides concentrate our surveies to detect precisely how sibling incest might impact the victims and the households throughout the life-time and in the following coevals. Although some of the research examined was thorough, it is of import that we continue research on this capable affair in order to go confident of the causes and understand the household state of affairss that might take to mistreat. Since some of the grounds is contradictory, it would be helpful to derive more penetration with b etter designed surveies and larger sample sizes. I hope that some of these articles encourage more research to be done on such a hard subject to understand as sibling incest.

Critically examine the claim that people are an organisation's most Essay

Critically examine the claim that people are an organisation's most valued asset. How this claim would be translated into prac - Essay Example Different approaches have been developed in the literature regarding the role of people within modern organizations. In accordance with a common view, people are the most valued asset of each organization. The specific issue is examined in this paper. Reference is made to the potential translation of the above statement in practice, especially regarding the development of organizational strategies. The research on the particular subject has revealed that people are, indeed, the most valued assets in modern organizations; however, their contribution in the development of the organizational practices is not always appreciated, an issue highlighted in the study of Lawler et al. (2008). The common statement that employees are key assets of an organization does not always reflect the actual thoughts of organizational leaders – a problem mostly related to the different perceptions of organizational leaders on the role of employees within organizations. The literature published in th e specific field is presented – followed by a critical analysis of the finding, at the level that such activity would help to understand the role of employees as part of the organization. 2. ... In the literature, additional perceptions on the role of people within organizations have been developed. In accordance with Sveiby (1997) the role of people within organizations could be explained as follows: the balance sheet of each organization has a series of invisible assets: ‘employee competence, internal structure and external structure’ (Sveiby 1997, p.10). It is made clear that employee competence refers to the ability of employees to develop the various organizational tasks, i.e. to respond to the organizational needs, no matter even if these needs are related to tangible or intangible assets (Sveiby 1997, p.10). The above explanation of the role of people within modern organizations is based on the perception that people are indispensable part of organizations, since no organization would exist and operate without the employees who manage its various activities. A similar approach of employees as assets is presented in the study of Storey (2009, p.140); in th e specific study emphasis is given on the role of employees as intangible assets of organizations. On the other hand, Holbeche (1998) notes that employees are a valuable asset of each organization; however, the specific asset is different from the other organizational assets at the level that it is extremely ‘volatile and easily damaged’ (Holbeche 1998, p.10); it is explained that the organization that has not secured the position of its employees is likely to face severe organizational failures. It is also mentioned that the organizational leaders are likely to develop different views on the value of employees in their organization. Moreover, if employees within the particular organization are highly motivated, then their value in the

The Real World of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Real World of Management - Essay Example Following will involve listening to subordinates. A manager should be listening and should incorporate the activities of other people in the normal running of his duties. The research will also deal on entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship. Those are the qualities of a manager that will enable him or her to increase innovation and profitability in the company. A manager should also be able to have problem solving skills, research skills and decision-making skills. Every organization will be faced by a number of conflicts; the manager should be able to solve the problems in a fair manner. A manager should also be able to carry out research on ways that will improve the working of a company. Management will also involve ethical management and corporate social responsibility. Ethical management implies the way an organization relates to competitors and other stakeholders of the company. Corporate social responsibility implies to the way a company gives back to the society. The society should be rewarded for being part of the company. According to peter drucker, management involves doing things that are correct while leadership is doing the correct things. A good leader should have vision and should eye things that are beneficial to a company. Traditionally, it was believed that leaders are born and not trained. In the modern view, hard work, patience, and persistence will lead to an effective leader. That means that a good leader should be able to undergo training that will enable him sharpen his skills. That means that a good leader will be able to evolve with time and be able to understand employees with time (Brooks 276)1. A good leader should be listening and understanding. He /she should lead by example. That implies that a lead should be the first person to adhere to the rules of the company and to conform to the vision and goals of the company. That will be leading by example and that will be

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Sustainable Management Futures - Essay Example Hence, there was considerable opposition from developers of the resort as the scenic splendour The company can adopt the policy of maximum pollution, which can be evaded under the law of South Carolina, in order to maximise the company’s revenues as well as create adequate job opportunities in the concerned area. Then again, this policy will affect aesthetic quality of the environment and hamper business of the resorts in Hilton Head by way of attracting lesser visitors (Taylor, 2011). Long-term effects of pollution are very hard to determine and BASF’s past experiences in other countries, where they had polluted rivers, did not help them with a buoyant feeling. As a result, development of the factory had become more of a moral issue than a business one. In order to solve the moral issue, the researcher proposes that the BASF’s manager had three options. He can either build the factory with the least pollution control or maximise the pollution control or further still, he can choose to not build the factory at all. The first option will yield a tolerable amount of water pollution, huge company profits, satisfied shareholders and extremely antagonistic resort developers as well as greater employment opportunities. The second option, on the other hand, would yield low profits for the company, unsatisfied shareholders, minimal pollution, welcoming developers and high costs incurred so as to implement pollution control measures. The third option would have approval of the developers, yield no profits, incur costs so as to search for a new location and also disappoint the local residents who were in support of the industrialisation. The best course of action in such a case would be to weigh all the options, analyse the environment and organisational benefits and come up with the best possible or optimal solution that would benefit all. Both the manager and the company were confronted with a number of duties and obligations. The organisation management

Dorothy Smith Essay Example for Free

Dorothy Smith Essay Dorothy Smith was born in North England in 1929. At a young age she did various jobs as a secretary before realizing that she needed to study in order to get a well paying job. In the early 1950’s she studied at the London School of Economics where she specialized in sociology. In 1955 Dorothy moved to the University of Berkeley where she got her doctorate. (Gardiner 180). While at Berkeley, she was exposed to sociological thinkers like Mead, Irving Goffman and Merleau. For two decades up from 1950, Dorothy was involved in many leftist organizations and attended various anti war demonstrations. She divorced her husband when her second son was nine months and faced many difficulties and challenges raising them. (classiques. uqac. ca). During her times, there was an outright gender discrimination against women. She sought the Marxist ideologies to explain the on goings and she clearly realized the differences in power on the lines of gender in the society. To her, males dominated the most important sectors like education, politics, medical as well as the economic field. This way, the female gender was marginalized and their interests and aspirations suppressed. (Gardiner 180). Dorothy graduated in 1963 after which she went into teaching in Berkeley, Essex and British Columbia. She continued with her institutional ethnographic studies after her retirement. As one of the renowned feminists, Dorothy argued that the society was male dominated, with the laws and the existing legal structures being highly patriarchal. Her research therefore focused on how men who had the power in economic terms dominated women. She also argued that even the religion was male dominated and the women were the ‘dormant gender’ whose voices were rarely heard. (Gardiner 180). To her, the domination was so severe that some women would end up using male figures. For instance, a female author would use a male name probably to attract an audience. The male dominance had been made universal and it appeared as if the women’s fate had been sealed. In education, women were denied formal education as well as positions; an example is in medicine where the society accepted male dominance as universal. Again, those seeking education in the male dominated schools would be influenced by the system. Most references in the schools portrayed male as the dominant gender and the female related studies were poorly funded or dismissed as of less importance. (classiques. uqac. ca). Institutional ethnography was a form of sociological inquiry introduced by Smith to explain how social relations influenced people’s everyday lives. The sociology for the people encompassed all people in the society and tried to establish the contradictions between people’s experiences in their every day lives as well as the way their social relations were organized. (Smith 1-6). Their approach differed from other theories in the sense that it placed more emphasis on people’s experiences rather than the predetermined social relations in the society. To illustrate her theory, she carried out various researches like the effect of single mothers and schooling of their children as well as alienation of middle class managers and the role their wives played. Smith and a colleague in the teaching career, Alison, researched on single parents and their effect on the education of their children. This â€Å"research focused on the socially organized processes which structured some families as different in the schooling environment. †(Smith129). Single parenthood was deemed as a social problem. Such parents were viewed as ineffective especially in bringing up children due to the purported negative influences on the children’s emotional development as well as their long term behaviors (Smith 130). Dorothy and Alison critically analyzed the existing literature on single parents. They established that most of what was depicted in the media was very different from what was happening on the ground. The media was a reflection of the works of some professionals such as teachers, administrators as well as social workers but it had an overall effect on the society. (Smith 137). Their research clearly explained the variances between what is depicted in the media (literature) and what actually happens. In her article, women, the family and the corporate capitalism, Dorothy tried to establish the alienation of a middle class manager and the role played by his wife to reinforce the man’s alienation. To Smith, the middle class manager was different from the working class man whose alienation was more to the ownership of the means of production as opposed to the woman who was a ‘personal service to him’. Smith established that when the man ceased to provide for his family the relationship changed, a clear indication that male dominance is highly correlated to the economic dependence which is an external force as neither of them has control over it. To Smith, â€Å"monopoly or the corporate capitalism alienated both the men and women of the middle classes while eliminating the socio economic basis for an autonomous selfhood for women†. (Sydie Adams 560). To Dorothy, there was a general consent of how laws, courts and welfare agencies helped enforce certain understandings of how the entire world was expected to work. The prevailing understanding seemed to favor men at the expense of women and there was a general association of women and child bearing. Dorothy made a major contribution to sociology as it is today. In her new sociological inquiry, she advocated that researchers be on the same critical plane as the subject of the research. Here, researchers were to look deeper rather than just the objects of the research if their research was to be effective. Conducting research in the traditional way would not reveal how the object was constructed or what it consisted of when relating it to the social relations that affected peoples every day lives. Although women problems demanded for a sociological explanation as their experiences created problems, their experiences alone would not suffice to offer solutions. Their experiences would be as a result of the social, political as well as the economic organization. Dorothy’s work made sociologists especially the researcher focus on the factors that influence people before making final conclusions as people’s experiences alone would be effectively addressed by monitoring their social relations in everyday activities. To Denise and Cheryl, in their extinguished book nursing research, Dorothy Smith’s ‘institutional ethnography’ has been applied in various fields such as nursing, social work, and community health as well as in the study of professional services. It focuses on the social organization as well as the institutional work processes and consequently the outcome of the research plays a significant role in the establishment of organizational changes as the real problems are established. (Polit Beck 227). Like other feminist theorists, Dorothy posits that sociology as well as other social science disciplines was constructed by males in the highly patriarchal society. To resolve women problems would therefore only be successful if the female stand point was considered. Smith used the Marxism approach and highlighted the aspect of alienation, capitalism as well as the economic aspects in the society. To her, there was need to focus more on the alienated in the society, these being women as well as other groups who were oppressed. (uregina. ca). To Dorothy, there was a need to research more on people’s experiences as well as situations as what was present in the prevailing literature was inaccurate in explaining their actual fate. As Johnson in ‘contemporary sociology theory’ noted, Dorothy Smith’s ideologies could differ from those of other feminist theorists. Some feminists unlike Dorothy tried to show how variations on the lines of racial or class backgrounds as well as sexual orientation intersected with gender bringing about different experiences across the various categories of women. This is to say that other feminists considered other factors and their role in influencing the plight of women rather than focusing strictly on male dominance in addressing the problems of women. Location was also another issue considered as it was clearly established that women from different regions say the developed world would experience different issues or problems as opposed to those in the less developed countries. The contemporary sociologists will therefore incorporate such variations in their studies. (Johnson 432-3) Major concerns that can be raised against Dorothy’s work are the overemphasis on the male dominance in the society. The queries here are that sociology is not always related with the ruling or power games in the society. (uregina. ca). Her argument that sociology as well as other social sciences had been established by man, the dominant gender in the society, is therefore untrue as in most cases sociology seeks to establish the social problems in the society, an example being the plight of immigrants as well as the poor in society. Dorothy emphasized on every day experiences or situations in relation to the social relations that one had. Critics would argue that she underestimated the inner self or being of people which also has a role to play in influencing who they are. She also failed to explain the role played by other groups in the society and only focused on male and their dominance. (uregina. ca). Works Cited: Adams Bert N and Sydie Rosalind Ann. Sociological Theory. Pine Forge Press, 2001 Dorothy E. Smith. retrieved on 29th April from http://classiques. uqac. ca/contemporains/smith_dorothy/smith_dorothy_photo/smith_dorothy_photo. html Feminist Standpoint Theory – Dorothy Smith. Retrieved on 29th April from http://uregina. ca/~gingrich/319m2206. htm. Gardiner Michael. Critiques of everyday life. Routledge Publishers. 2000 Polit Denise F and Beck Cheryl Tatano. Nursing research: principles and methods. Lippincott Williams Wilkins Publishers. 2003 Smith Dorothy E. Institutional ethnography as practice. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. 2006